Hepatotoxicity of organic solvents.

Franco, Giuliano; Fonte, R.; Candura, F

doi:10.1136/oem.43.2.139

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Although the hepatotoxic eff ects of various organic solvents are ordinarily regarded as already established, a causal connection between toluene inhalation and liver injury is still controversial (Boewer et al, 1988;Dossing et al, 1983;Guzelian et al, 1988;Howell et al, 1986;Morris, 1989), and these inconsistent results existing in relation to the hepatotoxic eff ect of toluene inhalation can be explained as a consequence of diff erences in the exposure conditions, and also considered to be attributed to the diff erent sensitivity in examining the liver injury (Franco et al, 1986). In the present study, to detect the early stage of hepatotoxic changes, the immunohistochemical analyses of histological markers for hepatic fi brosis were then carried out, and the expression of both a-SMA and collagen in the liver was shown to be clearly enhanced by exposing the animals to toluene vapor (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Gotohda

Nishimura

Morita

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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Toluene is one of the most widely used organic solvents and is commonly recognized as a noxious substance inducing chronically toxic damage to neural, hepatic and renal functions in the workers engaged in printing and painting. Although hepatic cells are generally considered to be vulnerable and susceptible to various organic solvents, particularly chloroform and other halogenated hydrocarbons, the hepatotoxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons including toluene have not yet been sufficiently characterized. In particular, it still seems unclear whether toluene itself can directly act on hepatic cells, inducing toxic damage to their metabolism and function. To assess the toxic effect of toluene inhalation on rat liver, immunohistochemical analyses of the histological markers for hepatic damage were carried out in animals exposed subacutely to toluene vapor. The immunoreactivities of heat shock proteins (HSP-70 and HSP-90) and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in the liver were analyzed to assess the hepatotoxic damage induced by toluene inhalation, and the expression of these histological markers was shown to be substantially enhanced by the subacute exposure to toluene vapor. Toluene inhalation was furthermore shown to enhance the immunoreactivities of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), collagen, glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the liver. Additional studies using human hepatoma HepG2 cells showed that toluene can directly induce toxic damage to cells. These findings suggest that toluene inhalation may primarily induce hepatic damage, which may be secondarily exacerbated by the activation of systemic processes possibly connected with glucocorticoids and leptin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Gotohda

Nishimura

Morita

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…Many studies suggest exposure to organic solvents can cause hepatotoxicity [ 24 , 25 ]. Despite this knowledge, occupational organic solvent exposure-induced hepatotoxicity is rarely diagnosed or even suspected [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute liver injury in two workers exposed to chloroform in cleanrooms: a case report

Kang¹,

Ahn²,

Hwang³

2014

Ann of Occup and Environ Med

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We report 2 cases of hepatotoxicity in cleanroom workers due to high retained chloroform air concentrations. The women, aged 34 and 41 years, who had been working in a medical endoscopic device manufacturer as cleanroom workers for approximately 40–45 days suffered severe liver damage. Two measured time-weighted averages of the chloroform concentration in the air in the cleanroom were 82.74 and 64.24 ppm, which are more than 6 times the legal occupational exposure limit in Korea. Only 7% of the cleanroom air was newly introduced from outside. The clinical courses of these cases and workplace inspection, led us to conclude that both cases of hepatotoxicity were caused by chloroform exposure.

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“…Despite many studies suggest that exposure to organic solvents can cause hepatotoxicity, occupational organic solvent exposure-induced hepatotoxicity is rarely diagnosed or even suspected (17)(18)(19). And it is virtually impossible to completely control chronic liver damage among workers because of nonspecific symptoms and signs as well as the low sensitivity of conventional liver enzyme tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethylacetamide-induced occupational toxic hepatitis with a short term recurrence: a rare case report

Gong¹,

Liu²,

Zhu³

2016

J. Thorac. Dis.

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In recent years, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) is widely used in the textile and plastics industry as a solvent alternative to more toxic N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). At home and abroad, sporadic group case reports have revealed that DMAc could cause toxic hepatitis and symptoms or signs indicative of liver involvement among workers exposed to DMAc, with severe cases leading to death. This paper reports a rare case of severe acute toxic hepatitis with a short term recurrence induced by occupational contact with DMAc in a polyimide film factory, as well as in-depth analysis via relevant information and literature. He was discharged to work after remission of liver function. However, during the next 3 days, the patient developed progressive scleral jaundice with anepithymia. His hepatic function worsened as the laboratory data revealed AST, 166.5 IU/L; ALT, 137.5 IU/L; TBIL, 106.7 μmol/L; DBIL, 83.8 μmol/L; AFP 711.4 ng/mL. Then he was taught to recuperate at home with medical advice. After stopping work, his liver enzymes gradually returned to normalcy. On Out Patient Department follow up, his AST/ALT value subsequently declined to 88/104 and 35/22.5 IU/L 6 days and 2 months later, respectively. Complete laboratory examination was performed again 3 months afterward, indicating AST, 29 IU/L; ALT, 29 IU/L; γ-GT, 86 IU/L; TBIL, 22.7 μmol/L; DBIL, 7.7 μmol/L; AFP, 15.2 ng/mL. This study was approved by Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control. And the ID of the approval was SL2014-B019-02. Written informed consent was obtained and recorded. In the preparation of this article, all efforts were made to protect patient privacy and anonymity. Workplace inspectionProduction process 4,4-diaminodiphenyl and pyromellitic anhydride were employed as raw materials, with DMAc as the solvent. After combining them to synthetize polyamide acid, defoaming and stretching process were involved to generate the endproducts. The production equipments mainly included reactor, vacuum degassing vessel, filter, hopper, casting and winding machines, along with hot air systems. Occupational historyBefore moving to this factory, the patient was a 12-years' professional fitter with no history of exposure to any chemicals. As a shift leader and operator of current plant who worked fixed 12-hours schedules in two shifts, his daily task consisted of routing inspection on equipments and production process, solvent extraction and recovery as well as reactor operation at resin synthesis area, during which time he could be directly exposed to DMAc. Though the workshop was equipped with a local ventilation system, the employees reflected it didn't run smoothly all day long. A distinct pungent odor was found when we carried out the field investigation. Long-sleeved coveralls and gauze masks were normatively provided to the workers. Field test dataThe regular monitor of occupational hazards was not normally put into effect. We carried on an on-site detection in order to meet the diagnosis criteria of corres...

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Hepatotoxicity of organic solvents.

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Acute liver injury in two workers exposed to chloroform in cleanrooms: a case report

Dimethylacetamide-induced occupational toxic hepatitis with a short term recurrence: a rare case report

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