Hesperetin (HET) and naringenin (NGR) are flavanones found in citrus (oranges and grapefruit) andAurantii Fructus Immaturus. The present study aims to investigate the inhibition potential of HET and NGR derivatives towards one of the most important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes-uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). We used trifluoperazine as a probe substrate to test UGT1A4 activity, and recombinant UGT-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation was used as a probe reaction for other UGT isoforms. Data show that HET and NGR displayed broad-spectrum inhibition against human UGTs. Besides, HET exhibited strong inhibitory effects on UGT1A1, 1A3 and 1A9 (both IC 50 and K i values lower than 10 µM), and the inhibitory effects of NGR against three major UGTs, including UGT1A1, 1A3 and 2B7. In a combination of inhibition parameters (K i ) and in vivo concentration of HET and NGR, the potential in vivo inhibition magnitude was predicted. Based on the reported maximum plasma concentration of HET and NGR in vivo, these findings indicate the potential herb-drug interactions (HDI) between HET or NGR and the drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A3 or UGT2B7 catalyzed metabolic elimination. Considering the variety of citrus that contains HET and NGR, so caution should be applied when taking drugs that utilize UGTs for metabolism and clearance with citrus fruits.
Key words herb-drug interaction; hesperetin; naringenin; uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferaseHesperetin (HET; 4′-methoxy-3′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) and naringenin (NGR; 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone), aglycones of the flavanone glycoside hesperidin (chiefly in oranges) and naringin (grapefruits) are also used as dietary flavonoids.
1)Moreover, flavanones are bioactive components of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, which is reported to be used in traditional Chinese medicine.2) Several animal studies have been performed to document pharmacokinetics of HET and NGR. 3,4) The role of HET and NGR in the treatment of disease has received considerable attention, and it is reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic, antiviral, and neuroprotective activities.
5-8)Thus, HET and NGR have multiple uses and pharmacokinetic studies of both compounds may elucidate information about efficacy and safety. Chemical structures of HET and NGR appear in Fig. 1.Herb-drug interaction (HDI) strongly limits the clinical application of herbs and drugs, and the inhibition of herbal components towards important drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) has been regarded as one of the most important reasons.9) CYP450 and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) are two enzymes responsible for oxidative phase I and conjugative phase II reactions, respectively. 10) In the past decades, the CYP450 inhibition by HET and NGR has been widely studied, the effects of HET and NGR on UGTs activity have not been fully characterized. Moreover, a large number of different UGTs that exhibit a wide range of substrates are...