Herbicide Residues, Determination of 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid (Dalapon) in Sugar Cane

Smith, G. N.; Getzendaner, M. E.; Kutschinski, A. H.

doi:10.1021/jf60079a003

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The water solution (D) was transferred to a continuous extractor (6) and extracted for 8 hours with heptane. The heptane (F) was then removed and saved for analysis.…”

Section: Soxhlet Extraction Thimblementioning

confidence: 99%

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

Smith¹,

Thiegs²,

Ludwig³

1963

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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before diazotizing and coupling. With method 3, this is not necessary.Detection methods 5, 6, 7, and 8 are used to locate specific compounds on the basis of the color produced (Table I).Of approximately 100 solvent systems tested, only those listed in Table II appeared to give satisfactory separation of the various compounds studied.Solvent systems A, C, and D give satisfactory separation of the dinitro compounds by using color tests 5, 6, or 7.

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“…The water solution (D) was transferred to a continuous extractor (6) and extracted for 8 hours with heptane. The heptane (F) was then removed and saved for analysis.…”

Section: Soxhlet Extraction Thimblementioning

confidence: 99%

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

Smith¹,

Thiegs²,

Ludwig³

1963

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…The liquid is commonly applied to glass, aluminum, nickel, or stainless-steel planchets as a drop, or, by use of a sample spinner, as a spiral line (Calvin et al, 1949). Smith (1958) recently described some simple improvements on this method. In most instances, the extracts are obtained by macerating the tissues.…”

Section: Extraction Of Intact Plant Tissue For Plancheting and Countimentioning

confidence: 99%

The adaptation of qualitative and quantitative techniques for determination of radioactive dalapon in plant tissues

Foy¹

1960

Hilg

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In studying the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) in relation to phytotoxicity, a number of simplified techniques were developed, and other established procedures were usefully modified. The techniques of autoradiography, extraction and fractionation, counting, and paper partition cochromatography were effectively combined, thus permitting qualitative and quantitative determination of distribution patterns and, to some extent, of the metabolic fate of translocated herbicides. Although this report is concerned specifically with dalapon, the approach employed -w ith that compound should be applicable, with minor changes, to the study of others.Physiological findings resulting from application of these techniques will be published separately.3 In many instances, however, the maximum benefit from these valu.. able research tools is not realized. Too often, for example, the sole approach used by plant scientists is that of gross autoradiography. That technique, although put to excellent use in the past (Arnon et al., 1940;Boyd, 1955; Colwell, 1942;Crafts, 1953Crafts, , 1956 and variously improved in more recent herbicidal studies (Pallas and Crafts, 1957; Yamaguchi and Crafts, 1958), permits only semiquantitative interpretation of results, and does not characterize the translocated radioactive substance(s) either as the original herbicide or some degradation products thereof. Moreover, when counting is done, the data are usually expressed in relative rather than absolute terms. Results are often more meaningful if several approaches are used concurrently.In recent studies on the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) in relation to phytotoxicity, the techniques of (a) autoradiography, (b) extraction and fractionation, (c) counting, and (d) paper partition cochromatography were effectively combined. This combination of techniques permits the determination of distributional patterns and, to some extent, the metabolic fate of translocated herbicides, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

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“…Extensive residue studies have been carried out over several years to determine dalapon acid residues. The first report of these was the finding of no residue in sugar cane treated with Dowpon by Smith et al (1957). Schreiber (1959) reported on the residues of dalapon in Birdsfoot trefoil from a number of different applications of the herbicide and showed that there is wide variation of residue content depending on the rate and timing of the application of Dowpon.Mac Collom and Flanagan (1967) studied residue disappearance from trefoil related to time.…”

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Residues of dalapon in chicken tissues and eggs following repeated feeding

Getzendaner¹

1968

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Groups of 12 hens were fed continuously on feed containing 0, 25, and 50 p.p.m. of dalapon. Eggs were collected during this period. At the end of 30 days, five hens from all groups were sacrificed. Tissues collected were lean meat, skin and fat, liver, gizzard, kidney, blood, and feathers. At the end of 60 days, the remaining hens were sacrificed. Residues of dalapon were determined by electron-capture gas chromatography. Residue values, determined for all the tissues from each individual hen, were roughly proportional to the level of feeding. Maximum values for eggs at the 50 p.p.m. level of feeding were 2 p.p.m.; for meat, skin and fat, liver, gizzard, and feathers, the maximum was about 15 p.p.m., while blood rose to 40 and kidney to 50 p.p.m. Dowpon grass killer, containing the sodium salt of dalapon, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon is a trade-mark of The Dow Chemical Co. outside the U.S.), has been used extensively for several years to control problem grasses in a number of crops. Extensive residue studies have been carried out over several years to determine dalapon acid residues. The first report of these was the finding of no residue in sugar cane treated with Dowpon by Smith et al. (1957). Schreiber (1959) reported on the residues of dalapon in Birdsfoot trefoil from a number of different applications of the herbicide and showed that there is wide variation of residue content depending on the rate and timing of the application of Dowpon.Mac Collom and Flanagan (1967) studied residue disappearance from trefoil related to time. Kutschinski (1961) and Fertig and Schreiber (1961) have reported on dalapon residues in milk, and Getzendaner et al. (1965) studied the residue situation on citrus fruit from a wide variety of application schedules. Archer et al. (1967) have studied dalapon residues in asparagus.Tolerances have been established on a wide variety of crops by the Food and Drug Administration (Federal Register, 1963). With tolerances for residues being established in corn, grain, and the possibility of further tolerances in forage crops, chickens may be exposed occasionally to diets containing traces of dalapon. This experiment was carried out to determine the residue levels of dalapon in chicken tissues and eggs which would result from repeated ingestion of feed containing fixed concentrations of this chemical. This experiment was designed to show the variation of residue in the tissues between birds from normal consumption patterns. The feed eaten Agricultural Products Department, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. by each group was all at the same concentration, so the consumption pattern of each chicken was the controlling factor on the intake of chemical, which was reflected in the residue levels in individual tissues. EXPERIMENTAL Three groups of 12 mature White Rock laying hens were randomly selected. Feed was prepared starting with Farm Bureau Mermash, 20% protein, manufactured by a local elevator. The calculated amount of dalapon was added to 200-pound batches to make 0, 25, and ...

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Herbicide Residues, Determination of 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid (Dalapon) in Sugar Cane

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

The adaptation of qualitative and quantitative techniques for determination of radioactive dalapon in plant tissues

Residues of dalapon in chicken tissues and eggs following repeated feeding

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Herbicide Residues, Determination of 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid (Dalapon) in Sugar Cane

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C14 (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C14 (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

The adaptation of qualitative and quantitative techniques for determination of radioactive dalapon in plant tissues

Residues of dalapon in chicken tissues and eggs following repeated feeding

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Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues

Feed Additives Residues, Identification of Metabolites of 3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide-C¹⁴ (Zoalene) in Chicken Tissues