Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes: Molecular Pathogenesis and Diagnostics

Abstract

Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately, 20% of breast cancer cases are due to a familial predisposition. Most of these familial breast cancers are due to mutations in well‐known genes linked to breast cancer, such as BRCA1 , BRCA2 , TP53 , CHEK2 , PTEN , CDH1 , STK11 / LKB1 , RAD50 , BRIP1 and PALB2 . Some of these cancers are, however, due to (a combination of) mutations in lower penetrance genes or some cancers show no relationship with known susceptibility genes. In this article, we describe the function of recently known breast cancer susceptibility genes, the molecular pathogenesis and the histopathology of these hereditary breast cancer syndromes. This may provide a better understanding and classification of hereditary breast cancer and may offer tools for better diagnosis and selection of patients sensitive to specific targeted therapies. Key Concepts Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. In 5–10% of total breast cancer cases, there is familial breast cancer susceptibility. Hereditary breast cancer is familial breast cancer with a clear Mendelian inheritance pattern. Breast cancer susceptibility genes can be divided into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk genes, of which the high‐risk genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the best known. Breast cancer susceptibility genes mostly involve DNA repair mechanisms. The discovery of breast cancer susceptibility genes has improved our knowledge of breast carcinogenesis, including the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterisation of familial breast cancer. Moreover, knowledge of the biological processes underlying familial breast cancer offers tools for cancer screening, prevention and management.

Synergistic Anti-proliferative Effects of Metformin and Silibinin Combination on T47D Breast Cancer Cells via hTERT and Cyclin D1 Inhibition

“…ing breast cancer include variable life style factors including being female, obesity, lack of physical exercise, hormone replacement therapy and alcohol consumption, and; reproductive factors such as low parity and breast-feeding, late menopause and early menarche,; and inherent genetic factors [3].…”

BRCA promoter methylation in sporadic versus BRCA germline mutation-related breast cancers

“…Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer type in women worldwide [ 1 ]. In about 5–10%, breast cancer occurs in a hereditary setting, most commonly due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations, which lead to a 40–80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer as well as a 30–40% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer development [ 2 – 8 ]. Promoter hypermethylation plays an important role in carcinogenesis of several organs, including the breast, because hypermethylation of cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) sites in promoter regions may lead to downregulation of tumor suppressor genes [ 9 – 15 ].…”