Heredity, environment, and the question "how?"

Anastasi, Anne

doi:10.1037/h0044895

Cited by 349 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Everyone has always known this is true, even, we suspect, in the heyday of environmentalist-hereditarian acrimony. The question, now as always, is how genes and environment work together (Anastasi, 1958). The answer to this question will be discovered by diligent experimentation (where variation can be controlled) and modeling (where it cannot) across the behavioral and neurobiological spectrum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences and the canalization of human behavior.

Turkheimer¹,

Gottesman²

1991

Developmental Psychology

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Gottlieb (1991) suggests that behavior geneticists and developmental psychologists have underestimated the importance of environmental regulation of species-typical behavior, outlines a theory of how environments and genes interact dynamically as behavior develops, and provides supporting examples from his own and others' laboratories. Although oversimplified explanations of development have occasionally gained currency, we contend that the complexities of genotype-environment relations have been addressed in psychology, with still greater difficulties arising from psychologists 1 interest in individual differences in behavior. The complexities of studying genetic and environmental determination of the development of individual differences are explored, using intelligence as an example. Finally, we outline a research program in the spirit of Gottlieb's contribution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences and the canalization of human behavior.

Turkheimer¹,

Gottesman²

1991

Developmental Psychology

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“…Although hereditary and experiential sources of a living organism are, for instance, representative of variables derived from the two distinct, yet in their combination totally inclusive, sources of life matter, each respective source is dependent on the other for the quality of its influence. As Anastasi (1958) has formulated the issue, there would be no one in an environ ment without heredity, and in turn, there would be no place to see the effects of heredity without environment. If the expression of a genic influence is depen dent on the existence of an environment, then such dependency means that if the status of the environment is different then the same genic contribution will be expressed differently; alternatively if the contribution of the environment cannot be ascertained unless genic influences put some organism into that environment to be acted upon, then the effect of the environment is dependent on the nature of the genic contribution.…”

Section: Nature Nurture and Probabilistic Epigenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature, Nurture, and Dynamic Interactionism

Lerner

1978

Human Development

240

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From an organismic, probabilistic epigenetic viewpoint, development arises from a dynamic interaction between qualitatively different, yet totally interdependent nature and nurture variables. The syntheses defining this interaction involve the quality and timing of each source providing a basis of these parameters in the other. Covariation among the parameters shows interorganism variability in ecologically valid milieus. Organisms consequently develop lawful characteristics of individuality; this individuality is a basis of further differential interactions, both at a within-organism level and between the individual and its extraorganism experience. These latter interactions are also dynamic. In reaction to organism individuality differential reactions are promoted in other organisms; these feed back to provide a further differential basis of development. The presence of such circular functions means that organism-organism (social) relations exist in states of mutual alteration, in dialectical interaction. Suitable empirical procedures exist for describing historical/cultural, social, individual, and temporal contributions to development, and should be applied in order to detail how organisms in dynamic interaction are at one and the same time both products of their social world and producers of it.

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“…Our articles built on earlier publications, for instance, those of Schneirla (1956Schneirla ( , 1957 and Anastasi (1958). In turn, as different instantiations of genetic reductionism appeared, we, and many, many others critiqued the several conceptual, logical, and methodological problems of genetic reductionist ideas, whether cast as behavior genetics, human sociobiology, or evolutionary psychology.…”

Section: Ending the Whack-a-mole Game: A Call To Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating Genetic Reductionism from Developmental Science

Lerner

2015

Research in Human Development

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Heredity, environment, and the question "how?"

Cited by 349 publications

References 28 publications

Individual differences and the canalization of human behavior.

Individual differences and the canalization of human behavior.

Nature, Nurture, and Dynamic Interactionism

Eliminating Genetic Reductionism from Developmental Science

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