HerMES: The SPIRE confusion limit

Nguyen, Hien; Schulz, B.; Levenson, L.; Amblard, A.; Arumugam, V.; Aussel, H.; Babbedge, T.; Blain, A. W.; Bock, J. J.; Boselli, A.; Buat, V.; Castro-Rodríguez, N.; Cava, A.; Chanial, P.; Chapin, Edward L.; Clements, D. L.; Conley, A.; Conversi, L.; Cooray, Asantha; Dowell, C. D.; Dwek, Eli; Eales, Stephen Anthony; Elbaz, D.; Fox, M.; Franceschini, A.; Gear, Walter Kieran; Glenn, J.; Griffin, Matthew Joseph; Halpern, M.; Hatziminaoglou, E.; Ibar, E.; Isaak, K. G.; Ivison, R. J.; Lagache, G.; Lu, N.; Madden, S.; Maffei, B.; Mainetti, G.; Marchetti, L.; Marsden, G.; Marshall, J. L.; O’Halloran, B.; Oliver, S.; Omont, A.; Page, M. J.; Panuzzo, P.; Παπαγεωργίου, Ανδρέας; Pearson, Chris; Fournon, I. Pérez; Pohlen, M.; Rangwala, Naseem; Rigopoulou, D.; Rizzo, D.; Roseboom, I. G.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Scott, D.; Seymour, N.; Shupe, D. L.; Smith, A. J.; Stevens, J. A.; Symeonidis, M.; Trichas, M.; Tugwell, K. E.; Vaccari, M.; Valtchanov, I.; Vigroux, L.; Wang, L.; Ward, R.; Wiebe, Donald; Wright, Gillian; Xu, C. K.; Zemcov, Michael

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014680

Cited by 282 publications

(220 citation statements)

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“…The SPIRE confusion limits are approximately 5.8, 6.3, and 6.8 mJy at 250, 350, and 500 μm, respectively (Nguyen et al 2010). Stacking the images on the (optically measured) position of otherwise undetected sources reduces the confusion by roughly (0.5-1) N and increases the accuracy of the mean (or median) flux accordingly.…”

Section: Stacking Of Non-detected Herschel Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Star Formation Black Hole Growth and Dusty Tori in the Most Luminous Agns at Z = 2–3.5

Netzer

Lani

Nordon

et al. 2016

ApJ

136

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We report Herschel/SPIRE observations of 100 very luminous, optically selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z 2 3.5 -= with log L 1350 (ergs −1 ) 46.5 , where L 1350 is λL λ at 1350 Å. The distribution in L 1350 is similar to the general distribution of Sloan Digital Sky Survey AGNs in this redshift and luminosity interval. We measured starformation (SF) luminosity, L SF , and SF rate (SFR) in 34 detected sources by fitting combined SF and torus templates, where the torus emission is based on Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer observations. We also obtained statistically significant stacks for the undetected sources in two luminosity groups. The sample properties are compared with those of very luminous AGNs at z 4. M e yr −1 , respectively. The mean SFR of the undetected sources is 148 M e yr −1 . The ratio of SFR to the black hole accretion rate is ≈80 for the detected sources and less than 10 for the undetected sources. Unlike a sample of sources at z ; 4.8 that we studied recently, there is no difference in L AGN and only a very small difference in L torus between the detected and undetected sources. (2) The redshift distribution of L SF and L AGN for the most luminous, redshift 2-7 AGNs are different. Similar to previous studies, the highest L AGN are found at z ≈ 3. However, the L SF of such sources peaks at z ≈ 5. Assuming the objects in our sample are hosted by the most massive galaxies at those redshifts, we find that approximately 2/3 of the hosts are already below the main sequence of SF galaxies at z = 2−3.5. (3) The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of dusty tori at high redshift are similar to the shapes found in low redshift, low luminosity AGNs. Herschel upper limits put strong constraints on the long wavelength shape of the SED, ruling out several earlier suggested torus templates as applicable for this sample. (4) We find no evidence for a luminosity dependence of the torus covering factor in sources with log L AGN (ergs −1 ) = 44−47.5. This conclusion is based on the recognition that the estimated L AGN in several earlier studies is highly uncertain and non-uniformally treated. The median covering factors over this range are 0.68 for isotropic dust emission and 0.4 for anisotropic emission.

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Section: Stacking Of Non-detected Herschel Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Star Formation Black Hole Growth and Dusty Tori in the Most Luminous Agns at Z = 2–3.5

Netzer

Lani

Nordon

et al. 2016

ApJ

136

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“…An extensive description of the cross-identification prior source extraction (XID) method is given in Roseboom et al (2010Roseboom et al ( , 2012. The main advantage of this method is that reliable fluxes can be extracted close to the formal ≈4−5 mJy SPIRE confusion noise (Nguyen et al 2010) by estimating the flux contributions from nearby sources within one beam. The 24 μm prior positional information reduces the impact of confusion noise and so the approximate 3σ limit for the SPIRE catalog at 250 μm becomes ≈9−15 mJy.…”

Section: Herschel and Ancillary Multi-wavelength Photometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Intermediate Redshift (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies

Magdis

Rigopoulou

Hopwood

et al. 2014

ApJ

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116

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We present Herschel far-IR photometry and spectroscopy as well as ground-based CO observations of an intermediate redshift (0.21 z 0.88) sample of Herschel-selected (ultra)-luminous infrared galaxies (L IR > 10 11.5 L ). With these measurements, we trace the dust continuum, far-IR atomic line emission, in particular [C ii] 157.7 μm, as well as the molecular gas of z ∼ 0.3 luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) and perform a detailed investigation of the interstellar medium of the population. We find that the majority of Herschel-selected intermediate redshift (U)LIRGs have L C ii /L FIR ratios that are a factor of about 10 higher than that of local ULIRGs and comparable to that of local normal and high-z star-forming galaxies. Using our sample to bridge local and high-z [C ii] observations, we find that the majority of galaxies at all redshifts and all luminosities follow an L C ii −L FIR relation with a slope of unity, from which local ULIRGs and high-z active-galactic-nucleus-dominated sources are clear outliers. We also confirm that the strong anti-correlation between the L C ii /L FIR ratio and the far-IR color L 60 /L 100 observed in the local universe holds over a broad range of redshifts and luminosities, in the sense that warmer sources exhibit lower L C ii /L FIR at any epoch. Intermediate redshift ULIRGs are also characterized by large molecular gas reservoirs and by lower star formation efficiencies compared to that of local ULIRGs. The high L C ii /L FIR ratios, the moderate star formation efficiencies (L IR /L CO or L IR /M H 2 ), and the relatively low dust temperatures of our sample (which are also common characteristics of high-z star-forming galaxies with ULIRG-like luminosities) indicate that the evolution of the physical properties of (U)LIRGs between the present day and z > 1 is already significant by z ∼ 0.3.

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“…15 Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. field, ranging from σ 500 = 15 mJy beam −1 for the large HeLMS and HerS fields (confusion noise included; Oliver et al 2012;Viero et al 2014) to confusion limited with σ 500 = 6.8 mJy beam −1 for the deeper HerMES fields (Nguyen et al 2010). Given the range of observed far-IR SEDs at z = 2 from Casey et al (2012), our color selection and the high threshold on the 500 μm flux density ensure that ∼95% of our sample would be classified as SMGs if they were observed at 870 μm.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Circumgalactic Medium of Submillimeter Galaxies. I. First Results From a Radio-Identified Sample

Prochaska

Mutel

et al. 2016

ApJ

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We present the first results from an ongoing survey to characterize the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of massive high-redshift galaxies detected as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). We constructed a parent sample of 163 SMG-QSO pairs with separations less than ∼36″ by cross-matching far-infrared-selected galaxies from Herschel with spectroscopically confirmed QSOs. The Herschel sources were selected to match the properties of the SMGs. We determined the sub-arcsecond positions of six Herschel sources with the Very Large Array and obtained secure redshift identification for three of those with near-infrared spectroscopy. The QSO sightlines probe transverse proper distances of 112, 157, and 198kpc at foreground redshifts of 2.043, 2.515, and 2.184, respectively, which are comparable to the virial radius of the ∼1013 M e halos expected to host SMGs. High-quality absorption-line spectroscopy of the QSOs reveals systematically strong H I Lyα absorption around all three SMGs, with rest-frame equivalent widths of ∼2-3Å. However, none of the three absorbers exhibit compelling evidence for optically thick H I gas or metal absorption, in contrast to the dominance of strong neutral absorbers in the CGM of luminous z∼2 QSOs. The low covering factor of optically thick H I gas around SMGs tentatively indicates that SMGs may not have as prominent cool gas reservoirs in their halos as the coeval QSOs and that they may inhabit less massive halos than previously thought.

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HerMES: The SPIRE confusion limit

Cited by 282 publications

References 9 publications

Star Formation Black Hole Growth and Dusty Tori in the Most Luminous Agns at Z = 2–3.5

Star Formation Black Hole Growth and Dusty Tori in the Most Luminous Agns at Z = 2–3.5

A Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Intermediate Redshift (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies

The Circumgalactic Medium of Submillimeter Galaxies. I. First Results From a Radio-Identified Sample

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