“…The WPRE element has been included in gene therapy vectors with the goal of increasing transduction levels. However, the impact of WPRE inclusion on transgene expression is variable and depends on the context of the promoter [43] , [67] – [69] , the transgene [70] , the gene transfer vector used [49] , [54] and target cell type [42] , [68] , [69] , [71] – [73] . Notably, in some instances the use of WPRE has been reported to decrease transgene expression levels [69] , [72] – [75] .…”