Modulating the structures and properties
of biomembranes via permeation
of small amphiphilic molecules is immensely important, having diverse
applications in cell biology, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals,
because their physiochemical and biological interactions lead to new
pathways for transdermal drug delivery and administration. In this
work, we have elucidated the role of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), broadly
used as a penetration-enhancing agent and cryoprotective agent on
model lipid membranes, using a combination of fluorescence microscopy
and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Spatially resolved fluorescence
lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has been employed to unravel how
the fluidity of the DMSO-induced bilayer regulates the structural
alteration of the vesicles. Moreover, we have also shown that the
dehydration effect of DMSO leads to weakening of the hydrogen bond
between lipid headgroups and water molecules and results in faster
solvation dynamics as demonstrated by femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence
spectroscopy. It has been gleaned that the water dynamics becomes
faster because bilayer rigidity decreases in the presence of DMSO,
which is also supported by time-resolved rotational anisotropy measurements.
The enhanced diffusivity and increased membrane fluidity in the presence
of DMSO are further ratified at the single-molecule level through
fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements. Our results
indicate that while the presence of DMSO significantly affects the
1,2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)
and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
(DPPC) bilayers, it has a weak effect on 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol (DMPG) vesicles,
which might explain the preferential interaction of DMSO with the
positively charged choline group present in DMPC and DPPC vesicles.
The experimental findings have also been further verified with molecular
dynamics simulation studies. Moreover, it has been observed that DMSO
is likely to have a differential effect on heterogeneous bilayer membranes
depending on the structure and composition of their headgroups. Our
results illuminate the importance of probing the lipid structure and
composition of cellular membranes in determining the effects of cryoprotective
agents.