Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD

Cordova, Michaela; Shada, Kiryl N.; Demeter, Damion V.; Doyle, Olivia; Miranda-Domínguez, Óscar; Perrone, Anders; Schifsky, Emma; Graham, Alice M.; Fombonne, Éric; Langhorst, Beth Hoover; Nigg, Joel T.; Fair, Damien A.; Feczko, Eric

doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102245

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Previous studies in the emerging field of automatic assessments of mental disorders using speech were restricted to mood and psychotic disorders [59] and showed comparable prediction accuracies as reported in this study: Depression can be predicted from (paralinguistic) voice features with an accuracy of about 80% [60]. The prediction of schizophrenia has been successful using linguistic features such as semantic relatedness of individuals with schizophrenia or those at a high risk to develop acute symptoms [42, 61-64].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Recent research has emphasized the study of underlying traits of ADHD such as cognitive traits, e.g., executive functioning and temperament/personality features as an avenue to a create more informative phenotypes [82]. Studies to investigate cognitive traits such as executive functions and speech production [83] have found that high executive functioning performance relates to faster and more accurate word retrieval in adults and more accurate articulatory output children [60]. Articulation requires complex motor execution, that is dependent on self-regulation and inhibitory control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is known that characteristics of paralinguistic features differ in different languages [99], the type of speech task also influences vocal features. Cognitive function, recently shown to differ in ADHD as discussed above [60], is involved in speech production depending on the complexity of speech tasks. Moreover, vocal variability differs between spontaneous speech and reading aloud in patients with depression [100].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using vocal acoustic features

Polier

Ahlers

Amunts

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: It is a key concern in psychiatric research to investigate objective measures to support and ultimately improve diagnostic processes. Current gold standard diagnostic procedures for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are mainly subjective and prone to bias. Objective measures such as neuropsychological measures and EEG markers show limited specificity. Recent studies point to alterations of voice and speech production to reflect psychiatric symptoms also related to ADHD. However, studies investigating voice in large clinical samples allowing for individual-level prediction of ADHD are lacking. The aim of this study was to explore a role of prosodic voice measures as objective marker of ADHD. Methods: 1005 recordings were analyzed from 387 ADHD patients, 204 healthy controls, and 100 clinical (psychiatric) controls. All participants (age range 18-59 years, mean age 34.4) underwent an extensive diagnostic examination according to gold standard methods and provided speech samples (3 min in total) including free and given speech. Paralinguistic features were calculated, and random forest based classifications were performed using a 10-fold cross-validation with 100 repetitions controlling for age, sex, and education. Association of voice features and ADHD-symptom severity assessed in the clinical interview were analyzed using random forest regressions. Results and Conclusion: ADHD was predicted with AUC = 0.76. The analysis of a non-comorbid sample of ADHD resulted in similar classification performance. Paralinguistic features were associated with ADHD-symptom severity as indicated by random forest regression. In female participants, particularly with age < 32 years, paralinguistic features showed the highest classification performance (AUC = 0.86). Paralinguistic features based on derivatives of loudness and fundamental frequency seem to be promising candidates for further research into vocal acoustic biomarkers of ADHD. Given the relatively good performance in female participants independent of comorbidity, vocal measures may evolve as a clinically supportive option in the complex diagnostic process in this patient group.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using vocal acoustic features

Polier

Ahlers

Amunts

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Although it is hypothesized that the common behavioural manifestations of cognitive inflexibility across ASD and ADHD should be reflected in shared neural substrates, few assessments of brain Nature reviews | NeuroscieNce circuitry supporting flexibility across these disorders have been conducted. Data-driven techniques are now being used to identify key dimensions of functioning that overlap across diagnostic categories and also present heterogeneously within diagnostic categories 81 . For example, transdiagnostic executive function subtypes have been identified with use of community detection algorithms, and children within the subtype characterized by inflexibility showed a failure to modulate parietal lobe activation in response to increasing executive task demands 82 .…”

Section: Flexibility In Clinical Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations

2021

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Cognitive and behavioural flexibility permit the appropriate adjustment of thoughts and behaviours in response to changing environmental demands. Brain mechanisms enabling flexibility have been examined using non-invasive neuroimaging and behavioural approaches in humans alongside pharmacological and lesion studies in animals. This work has identified large-scale functional brain networks encompassing lateral and orbital frontoparietal, midcingulo-insular and frontostriatal regions that support flexibility across the lifespan. Flexibility can be compromised in early-life neurodevelopmental disorders, clinical conditions that emerge during adolescence and late-life dementias. We critically evaluate evidence for the enhancement of flexibility through cognitive training, physical activity and bilingual experience.

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“…We note in passing other themes in the recent ADHD literature including the different presentations (formerly subtypes) [ 34 , 35 ] and the overlap/comorbidity with reading [ 36 , 37 ] and autism spectrum [ 38 , 39 ] disorders.…”

Section: Text Of Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Pereira-Sánchez

Castellanos

2021

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of review Neuroimaging research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continues growing in extent and complexity, although it has yet to become clinically meaningful. We review recent MRI research on ADHD, to identify robust findings, current trends and challenges. Recent findings We identified 40 publications between January 2019 and September 2020 reporting or reviewing MRI research on ADHD. Four meta-analyses have presented conflicting results regarding across-study convergence of functional and resting-state functional (fMRI and R-fMRI) studies on ADHD. On the other hand, the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis international consortium has identified statistically robust albeit small differences in structural brain cortical and subcortical indices in children with ADHD versus typically developing controls. Other international consortia are harnessing open-science efforts and multimodal data (imaging, genetics, phenotypic) to shed light on the complex interplay of genetics, environment, and development in the pathophysiology of ADHD. We note growing research in ‘prediction’ science, which applies machine-learning analysis to identify biomarkers of disease based on big data. Summary Neuroimaging in ADHD is still far from informing clinical practice. Current large-scale, multimodal, and open-science initiatives represent promising paths toward untangling the neurobiology of ADHD.

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Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD

Cited by 38 publications

References 76 publications

Predicting adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using vocal acoustic features

Predicting adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using vocal acoustic features

Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations

Neuroimaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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