Heterogeneous Catalysis on Metal Oxides

Abstract

This review article contains a reminder of the fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis and a description of the main domains of heterogeneous catalysis and main families of metal oxide catalysts, which cover acid-base reactions, selective partial oxidation reactions, total oxidation reactions, depollution, biomass conversion, green chemistry and photocatalysis. Metal oxide catalysts are essential components in most refining and petrochemical processes. These catalysts are also critical to improving environmental quality. This paper attempts to review the major current industrial applications of supported and unsupported metal oxide catalysts. Viewpoints for understanding the catalysts' action are given, while applications and several case studies from academia and industry are given. Emphases are on catalyst description from synthesis to reaction conditions, on main industrial applications in the different domains and on views for the future, mainly regulated by environmental issues. Following a review of the major types of metal oxide catalysts and the processes that use these catalysts, this paper considers current and prospective major applications, where recent advances in the science of metal oxide catalysts have major economic and environmental impacts.

Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides

“…The importance of metal-oxide-based catalysts lies in their effective catalysis of different reactions, such as acid-base catalysis, oxidation reactions, photocatalysis, or biomass conversion, among others. Another benefit of metal-oxide-based catalysts is in many potential applications, such as in fuel cells or sensors [54]. Some metal oxides provide higher catalytic activities because of their large number of active acidic sites, thereby increasing the surface area for catalysis.…”

Multitasking FeOCN Composite as an Economic, Heterogeneous Catalyst for 1‐Octene Hydroformylation and Hydration Reactions

“…Transition metals in the form of metal oxides and composites have revolutionised the synthesis of various compounds and intermediates. [41] Synthesis of petrochemicals, methanol steam reforming, water gas shift, MTG and MTO process, acrolein and acrylate synthesis, olefin epoxidation, hydrodesulphurisation of oil distillates are some of the major industrial processes covered by 3d-transition metal oxides. [41] Herein, we report a heterogeneous multitasking FeOCN catalyst for hydroformylation of 1-octene and hydration of acetylenes and nitriles (Scheme 5).…”

“…[41] Synthesis of petrochemicals, methanol steam reforming, water gas shift, MTG and MTO process, acrolein and acrylate synthesis, olefin epoxidation, hydrodesulphurisation of oil distillates are some of the major industrial processes covered by 3d-transition metal oxides. [41] Herein, we report a heterogeneous multitasking FeOCN catalyst for hydroformylation of 1-octene and hydration of acetylenes and nitriles (Scheme 5). The present composite was found to be highly stable, easy to synthesise, easy to separate and worthy to use for selective organic transformation reactions.…”

“…Hence, metal oxides can behave as heterogeneous catalysts under most of the reaction parameters. Transition metals in the form of metal oxides and composites have revolutionised the synthesis of various compounds and intermediates . Synthesis of petrochemicals, methanol steam reforming, water gas shift, MTG and MTO process, acrolein and acrylate synthesis, olefin epoxidation, hydrodesulphurisation of oil distillates are some of the major industrial processes covered by 3d‐transition metal oxides …”

Synthesis of novel pyrazole‐based triazolidin‐3‐one derivatives by using ZnO/ZrO2 as a reusable catalyst under green conditions

“…Organic synthesis using heterogeneous catalysts is a popular strategy to develop eco-friendly protocols with costeffectiveness. [1] The benefit of using heterogeneous catalysts in organic synthesis is their easy separation and reusability, when compared with traditional homogeneous catalysts, which are also generally corrosive in nature. [2] The main advantage of heterogeneous catalysts is their high surface area, which provides the necessary active sites to perform the reaction, and the other advantages are simplicity in handling, separation and its thermal stability.…”