“…The second analyzes IVAs from the user's perspective, investigating their perception, motivation, satisfaction and use intention (Brill et al, 2019;Schweitzer et al, 2019). Multiple theoretical frameworks have been employed in the existing studies, such as the Technology Acceptance Model, Use and Gratifications Approach, Expectation Confirmation Theory, and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, to explore the ease and usefulness of IVAs (McLean and Osei-Frimpong, 2019;Patrizi et al, 2021), technical characteristics (Ch erif and Lemoine, 2019) and anthropomorphism (Poushneh, 2021), and their influence on consumer willingness to use, and analyze user engagement, the factors influencing loyalty, trust and satisfaction (Hern andez-Ortega et al, 2022;Whang and Im, 2021), as well as opportunities (e.g. convenience) and challenges (e.g.…”