“…However, these metals are toxic at very high concentration for example, copper at higher concentration decreases the photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and causes oxidative damage (Chandrashekharaiah, Sanyal, Dasgupta, Sapre, & Banik, 2020). The non‐essential heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury) do not have any known biological role and are toxic at very low concentrations (Mahapatra et al, 2012). Non‐essential heavy metals exert adverse effects by inactivating photosynthetic machinery, enzymatic pathway, growth, and morphology of algae (Chandrashekharaiah, Sanyal, Dasgupta, Sapre, & Banik, 2020).…”