Hidden structure: Using network methods to map system architecture

Baldwin, Carliss Y.; MacCormack, Alan; Rusnak, John

doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.004

Cited by 95 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…As presented in [7], the hidden structure method was designed based on the empirical regularity from cases investigating large complex software systems. All those cases were focused on one software system at a time, independent of its surrounding environment, analyzing the dependencies between its source files.…”

Section: Discussion and Research Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following subsections present a method that makes this "hidden structure" visible and describe metrics that can be used to compare architectures and track changes in architecture structures over time. (Note: A more detailed method description can be found in "Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture" by Baldwin et al [7]. )…”

Section: Methods Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method of classifying architectures is motivated in [7] and was discovered empirically. Specifically, Baldwin et al found that a large percentage of the architectures they analyzed contained four distinct types of elements: 1) one large cyclic group, called the "Core," 2) "Control" elements that depend on other elements but are not themselves used by many, 3) "Shared" elements that are used by other elements but do not depend on that many others, and 4) "Periphery" elements that are not used by or depend on a large group of other elements.…”

Section: Classification Of Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the large dataset of software architectures analyzed in [7], the first classification boundary is set empirically to assess whether the largest cyclic group contains at least 5% of the total elements.…”

Section: Classification Of Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [7], Baldwin et al present a method based on Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) and classic coupling measures to visualize the hidden structure of software system architectures. This method has been tested on numerous software releases for large systems (such as Linux, Mozilla, Apache, and GnuCash) but not on enterprise architectures with a potentially large number of interdependent components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section: Discussion and Research Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Descriptionmentioning

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Section: Classification Of Architecturesmentioning

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Vulnerability diffusions in software product networks

Kang

Templeton

2023

J of Ops Management

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During software product development, the combination of digital resources (such as application programming interfaces and software development kits) establishes loose and tight edges between nodes, which form a software product network (SPN). These edges serve as observable conduits that may help practitioners and researchers better understand how vulnerabilities diffuse through SPNs. We apply network theory to analyze data from over 12 years of records extracted from the National Vulnerability Database. We contribute novel measures established using machine learning to gauge the properties influencing vulnerability diffusion within an SPN. We observed an SPN having a discernable shape that changed over time via network updates. We propose hypotheses and find empirical evidence that vulnerability diffusion is influenced by edge dynamics, developer responses, and their interaction. Implications for practice are that increased developer responses reduce software vulnerability diffusion attributed to edge dynamics.

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Grouping interdependent tasks: Using spectral graph partitioning to study complex systems

Lee

Hoehn‐Weiss

Karim

2015

Strategic Management Journal

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Research summary: This article uses spectral graph partitioning to advance strategic management research, and focuses on the study of complex systems that contain strongly connected components with component interactions that are weighted and directed. The spectral graph partitioning method complements existing methods, especially, when external architectural artifacts do not exist or are less than certain. We illustrate this methodology using a U.S. airline's production system. We highlight some useful metrics and show how researchers can apply this method to generate additional architectural insights. Managerial summary: We describe a method for analyzing the architecture of complex systems that contain directed and weighted component interactions, and in which each component is interdependent (directly or indirectly) on every other component. Using the spectra of a complex system, the method is not only tractable but also provides good and predictable groupings. We illustrate this method using the firm-level production task system of a firm found in the U.S. passenger airline sector. The method is useful if the system architecture is hidden, in flux, or both. The method may also permit a holistic comparison of different systems and their architectures. We discuss metrics and illustrate how they can provide additional architectural insights. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Hidden structure: Using network methods to map system architecture

Cited by 95 publications

References 41 publications

Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Architecture: An Exploratory BioPharma Case

Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Architecture: An Exploratory BioPharma Case

Vulnerability diffusions in software product networks

Grouping interdependent tasks: Using spectral graph partitioning to study complex systems

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