Hierarchical Control Strategy with Battery Dynamic Consideration for a Dual Fuel Cell/Battery Tramway

Abstract

This paper proposes a hierarchical energy control strategy for a hybrid dual fuel cell/battery tramway, combining online and offline optimization methods while considering the battery’s dynamic behavior. In the upper layer, an online band-pass filter-based extremum-seeking control (BFESC) is employed to estimate the reference power between the dual fuel cell system and battery. In addition, the battery’s dynamic behavior is considered a penalty function of the BFESC to maintain its parameters within the desired boundaries. In the middle layer, the power requirement for each fuel cell system is calculated by using an offline method called the map search method. Finally, the fuel cell and battery provide the required power to the DC bus through DC/DC converters, which are controlled by PID controllers in the lower layer. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, a simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrate that the dual fuel cell/battery system under the control of the proposed energy management strategy (EMS) can operate efficiently while improving the battery’s durability. The efficiency of the fuel cell system when using the proposed EMS was lower than 4% compared with the non-constraint EMS. However, the capacity loss of the battery could improve up to 25.9% in high-current and high-SOC cases.

State-Plane Trajectory-Based Duty Control of a Resonant Bidirectional DC/DC Converter with Balanced Capacitors Stress

“…where F 1,2 is the ratio between ω sw and ω r1,2 . Finally, substituting (22) in (23) gives the proposed feedforward controller gain (U ff = [D s1 + D s2 ]) as follows:…”

“…In the case of bidirectional operation, the current drawn from the battery is desired to have minimal ripples to maintain its condition and extend the overall lifetime [23]. Unfortunately, most existing bidirectional DAB topologies [5,7,[19][20][21][22][23][24] suffer from high battery current ripples during reverse power flow.…”

“…In the case of bidirectional operation, the current drawn from the battery is desired to have minimal ripples to maintain its condition and extend the overall lifetime [23]. Unfortunately, most existing bidirectional DAB topologies [5,7,[19][20][21][22][23][24] suffer from high battery current ripples during reverse power flow. In [25], an interleaved bidirectional DAB converter is investigated, which reduces the input current ripples to some extent; nevertheless, the converter suffers from reduced efficiency in the low-gain region.…”

Development of a 470-Horsepower Fuel Cell–Battery Hybrid Xcient Dynamic Model Using SimscapeTM

“…Choosing the appropriate trade-off between power output and efficiency is particularly challenging for large vehicles that require high power Energies 2023, 16, 8092 2 of 21 output in the low-current section compared to small vehicles [15,16]. Therefore, multistack systems are used in the field of heavy-duty mobility, which demands high power output [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. A multi-stack operation has these advantages.…”