Hierarchical porous carbons with controlled micropores and mesopores for supercapacitor electrode materials

Xia, Kaisheng; Gao, Qiuming; Jiang, Jinhua; Hu, Juan

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.07.018

Cited by 601 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For this reason, carbon has become the material of choice for many commercial supercapacitors. Among the types of carbon that have been studied in detail are activated carbon (the industry standard) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], various templated carbons [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], carbon black [24][25][26][27], carbon aerogel [28][29][30][31][32], carbon nanotubes [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], and graphene [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A universal equivalent circuit for carbon-based supercapacitors

Fletcher

Black

Kirkpatrick

2013

J Solid State Electrochem

136

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A universal equivalent circuit is proposed for carbon-based supercapacitors. The circuit, which actually applies to all porous electrodes having non-branching pores, consists of a single vertical ladder network in series with an RC parallel network. This elegant arrangement explains the three most important shortcomings of present-day supercapacitors, namely open circuit voltage decay, capacitance loss at high frequency, and voltammetric distortion at high scan rate. It also explains the shape of the complex plane impedance plots of commercial devices and reveals why the equivalent series capacitance increases with temperature. Finally, the construction of a solid-state supercapacitor simulator is described. This device is based on a truncated version of the universal equivalent circuit, and it allows experimenters to explore the responses of different supercapacitor designs without having to modify real supercapacitors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A universal equivalent circuit for carbon-based supercapacitors

Fletcher

Black

Kirkpatrick

2013

J Solid State Electrochem

136

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“…It is possible to modify the hard precursor by means of physical activators (e.g. CO 2 ) [20] or chemically, with ie, KOH [21][22][23] or ZnCl 2 [24][25][26][27][28] after pre-carbonization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

2018

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Nitrogen-containing mesoporous carbons with the use of colloidal silica spheres of (14 nm) and chitosan as a carbon precursor were obtained. A removal of such small template particles from carbonized silica-chitosan composite is difficult and HF with a minimum concentration of 15 wt% should be used. By varying the silica-to-chitosan ratio, the porous characteristic of products is controlled. The modification by ZnCl 2 with a molar Zn-to-C (in chitosan mass) ratio of '6' results in the development of microporosity; however it is accompanied by a significant reduction of mesopore volume (V mes ). The addition of ZnCl 2 in a ratio of '5.25' and pH adjustment to 5.8 increase the volumes of micropores, small mesopores, BET surface area to 1975 m 2 /g, and preserve V mes of 4.15 cm 3 /g. The novelty of the presented strategy is the creation of microporosity in the hard-templated materials by incorporating ZnCl 2 into the mixture of Ludox HS-40 template and chitosan precursor, as well as the investigation on how the pH of synthesis influences the final porosity. The pH of a silica-chitosan-zinc solution, equal to 3.9, provides some coordination of Zn 2+ by -OH and -NH 2 groups, whereas pH adjustment to 5.8 results in the precipitation of a new template-Zn(OH) 2 .

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“…Compare to other electrical energy storage devices such as conventional capacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, supercapacitors can store high capacity electrical energy at respectively high power density [1,2,3] as illustrated in Figure 1. The charge-storage process for supercapacitor is highly reversible, resulting in longer cycle-life compare to other power storage devices [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar (PKSB) as Supercapacitor

Ghani

Fernandez

Halele

et al. 2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A potential low cost and environmentally friendly supercapacitor has been prepared from Palm Kernel Shell Biochar (PKSB). In this study, physical and electrochemical properties of raw, activated and chemical treated (potassium hydroxide (KOH)) as supercapacitors such as high carbon content, high charge storage capacity and stable were evaluated. For physical analyses, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface morphology and surface area and porosity were measured using Brunaurer-Emmert-Teller (BET). The chemical treated PKSB shows the highest surface area values of 55.15 m 2 /g as compared to raw and activated samples with surface area are 0.17 m 2 /g and 19.32 m 2 /g, respectively. This is verified by in enhancement of capacitance achieved from 1.76 x10 -3 Fg -1 for the activated biochar and 1.87x10 -6 Fg -1 for untreated PKSB showed by Raman spectroscopy. This enhancement reflected the charge storage capacity is attributed to the creation of broad distribution in pore size and a larger surface area. In addition, this phenomenon also supported by the electrochemical profiles through cyclic voltammogram (CV) measured by Potentiostat-Gavanostat (EIS). CV of the treated PKSB gave better square shape than the activated and raw biochar samples. These characterizations conclude that the raw palm kernel biochar need further treatment to become supercapacitor electrodes to replace activated carbon.

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Hierarchical porous carbons with controlled micropores and mesopores for supercapacitor electrode materials

Cited by 601 publications

References 44 publications

A universal equivalent circuit for carbon-based supercapacitors

A universal equivalent circuit for carbon-based supercapacitors

Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar (PKSB) as Supercapacitor

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