High activity TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared by a Modified Sol–gel Method: Characterization and their Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of XRG and X-GL

Zhu, Jiefang; Zhang, Jinlong; Chen, Feng; Iino, Kiyoshi; Anpo, Masakazu

doi:10.1007/s11244-005-3833-1

Cited by 54 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…[19] The powder attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of the as-prepared Zr-TiO 2 nanotubes is given in Figure 5. The broad peak at 3400 cm À1 is assigned to the -OH group of absorbed water, [20] while the peaks at 1548 and 1452 cm À1 are due to symmetric and asymmetric stretching of the zirconium titanium acetate complex, respectively. [21] This metal acetate complex confirms that acetic acid formed bridging complexes with the metal ions.…”

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confidence: 99%

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Lucky

Charpentier

2008

Advanced Materials

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Recently, considerable effort has been devoted to synthesizing materials with one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures due to their unique properties and potential applications in a diversity of applications including catalysis, high-efficiency solar cells, coatings, and sensors.[1] Particularly, titania (TiO 2 ) nanotubes are receiving considerable attention due to titania's high activity, strong oxidation capability, and chemical stability. In addition, being a low-cost material, TiO 2 is favorable for potential large-scale commercial applications. The performance of titania nanomaterials strongly relies on their crystallinity, crystallite size, crystal structure, specific surface area, thermal stability and quantum efficiency. [2,3] These properties highly depend on both the synthesis method, and the subsequent thermal-treatment technique -calcination. In some cases, doping with a second metal has been found very effective to improve the properties of TiO 2 . Zirconia has been reported as one of the most suitable dopants to enhance the thermal stability and activity of TiO 2 nanomaterials. [4][5][6] Conventionally, anodization, [7] template techniques, [8,9] hydrothermal processes, [10,11] and soft chemical processes [12] have been used to prepare TiO 2 nanotubes. However, each of these methods has limitations. The template technique requires high calcination temperatures to remove the template, resulting in a collapse of the tubular structure in the product.[12]Anodizing processes produce nanotubes with relatively-large diameters.[13] The multistep hydrothermal process requires a large amount of inorganic solvents, which may lead to environmental pollution. Due to these limitations, alternative processes using a green solvent such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) are attractive to synthesize TiO 2 nanotubes. Previously, our group developed a direct sol-gel process to synthesize TiO 2 nanofibers, [14] where scCO 2 was used in place of an organic solvent. There are several favorable properties that make CO 2 an attractive solvent for the synthesis and processing of high-quality porous materials. Firstly, CO 2 is inexpensive, environmentally benign and non-flammable, with mild critical conditions (P c ¼ 73.8 bar; T c ¼ 31.1 8C), which makes this a green solvent that is suitable for both laboratory and commercial scale application. Furthermore, its physical properties such as density and solubility can be tuned by adjusting the operating temperature and pressure. Low viscosity, zero surface tension and high diffusivity of scCO 2 are also favorable in synthesizing superior ultrafine and uniform nanomaterials. In addition, scCO 2 can be easily and completely removed from products by venting; hence, no drying process is required and the porous structure can be maintained without collapsing the nanostructure. In addition, scCO 2 can be easily recycled after the pressure is diminished for potential scale-up applications. While exploring the synthesis of ZrO 2 -modified TiO 2 nanostructures by sol-gel methods in sc...

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A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Lucky

Charpentier

2008

Advanced Materials

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“…The dispersed CNTs were mixed with titanium butoxide (10 mL) and n-butanol (42 mL). The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 min and followed by the addition of formic acid (11 mL) (Zhu et al 2005). Once a grey precipitate was formed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of bromophenol blue with fluorinated TiO2 composite

et al. 2011

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Fluorinated TiO 2 composites were prepared by the sol-gel method. The photocatalytic activities of the composites were evaluated with bromophenol blue (BPB). Composites which contained carbon nanotubes showed the highest photodegradation (98%) of BPB at 20 min as compared to pure TiO 2 . Photodegradation by-products of BPB such as Br -and [SO 4 ] 2-ions were monitored with ion chromatography. All catalysts were characterized with microscopic techniques, including transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy which were both equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrophotometer. The polymorph of TiO 2 was verified by the use of Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.

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“…Owing to its peculiar and fascinating physicochemical properties, titania is a very important environmental and energy material with a wide variety of potential applications in diverse fields including gas sensors, part of photovoltaic devices, dielectric ceramics and catalysts for thermal or photo induced processes. Its properties which include, among others, long-term stability, non-toxicity, low price and superior photo-reactivity has led to TiO 2 gaining more prominence over most semiconductors (Ahn et al 2007;Yu et al 1997;Zhu et al 2005;Tian et al 2009;Li et al 2008;Colmenares et al 2006;Foglia et al 2009;Yu and Zhang 2010). Various parameters like crystallinity, impurities, surface area and density of surface reactive sites results in an enhanced photocatalytic activity; however, crystallinity is the most important factor (Fu et al 2005;Ao et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supported TiO2 nanocatalysts with enhanced visible light photodegradation of Rhodamine B

Mahlambi

Mishra

et al. 2012

Nanotechnology for Sustainable Development

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The anatase phase of titania (TiO 2 ) nanophotocatalysts was prepared using a modified sol gel process and thereafter embedded on carbon-covered alumina supports. The carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supports were prepared via the adsorption of toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) on the surface of the alumina. TDI was used as the carbon source for the first time for the carbon-covered alumina support system. The adsorption of TDI on alumina is irreversible; hence, the resulting organic moiety can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures resulting in the formation of a carbon coating on the surface of the alumina. The TiO 2 catalysts were impregnated on the CCA supports. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the carbon deposited on the alumina was not crystalline and also showed the successful impregnation of TiO 2 on the CCA supports. In the Raman spectra, it could be deduced that the carbon was rather a conjugated olefinic or polycyclic hydrocarbons which can be considered as molecular units of a graphitic plane. The Raman analysis of the catalysed CCAs showed the presence of both the anatase titania and D and G band associated with the carbon of the CCAs. The scanning electron microscope micrographs indicated that the alumina was coated by a carbon layer and the energy dispersive X-ray spectra showed the presence of Al, O and C in the CCA samples, with the addition of Ti for the catalyst impregnated supports. The Brunauer Emmet and Teller surface area analysis showed that the incorporating of carbon on the alumina surface resulted in an increase in surface area, while the impregnation with TiO 2 resulted in a further increase in surface area. However, a decrease in the pore volume and diameter was observed. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocatalysts was studied for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye. The CCA-TiO 2 nanocatalysts were found to be more photocatalytically active under both visible and UV light irradiation compared to the free TIO 2 nanocatalysts.

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High activity TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared by a Modified Sol–gel Method: Characterization and their Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of XRG and X-GL

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Photodegradation of bromophenol blue with fluorinated TiO2 composite

Synthesis and characterization of carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supported TiO2 nanocatalysts with enhanced visible light photodegradation of Rhodamine B

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High activity TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared by a Modified Sol–gel Method: Characterization and their Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of XRG and X-GL

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO2‐Modified TiO2 Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO2‐Modified TiO2 Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Photodegradation of bromophenol blue with fluorinated TiO2 composite

Synthesis and characterization of carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supported TiO2 nanocatalysts with enhanced visible light photodegradation of Rhodamine B

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A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A One‐Step Approach to the Synthesis of ZrO₂‐Modified TiO₂ Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide