High Amounts of Lipoteichoic Acid in Sucrose-Induced Plaque in vivo

Rölla, Gunnar; Oppermann, Rui Vicente; Bowen, William H.; Ciardi, J.E.; Knox, K. W.

doi:10.1159/000260459

Cited by 80 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In vivo studies have shown that dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose has a higher amount of lipoteichoic acid, 27 which might enhance Ca-binding capacity because phosphate groups have a higher affinity for Ca ions than carboxyl groups from proteins present in streptococcus cell walls. 20 Therefore, in the presence of sucrose, a higher concentration of bacterial cell wall components with higher Ca-binding capacity could be expressed and compensate for the lower bacterial density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium binding to S. mutans grown in the presence or absence of sucrose

et al. 2012

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Sucrose is the most cariogenic dietary carbohydrate because it is a substrate for insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (IEPS) production in dental biofilms, which can proportionally decrease bacterial density and, consequently, the number of biofilm calcium (Ca) binding sites. Ca bound to bacterial cell walls can be released into the biofilm fluid during a cariogenic challenge, reducing the driving force for mineral dissolution provoked by the pH drop. Thus, we investigated the effect of an IEPS-rich extracellular matrix on bacterial Ca binding after treatment with Ca solutions. Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt 1600 was cultivated in culture broths supplemented with 1.0% sucrose or 0.5% glucose + 0.5% fructose. The IEPS concentration in bacterial pellets was determined after alkaline extraction. Bacterial pellets were treated with 1 mM or 10 mM Ca ++ solutions at 37°C for 10 to 60 min. Ca binding to bacterial pellets, determined after acid extraction using the Arsenazo III reagent, was fast and concentration dependent. Although the IEPS concentration was approximately ten times higher in bacterial pellets cultivated in sucrose as compared to its monossaccharides, bound Ca concentration after Ca treatment was similar in both conditions. These results suggest that IEPS may not influence the amount of Ca bound to reservoirs of dental biofilms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium binding to S. mutans grown in the presence or absence of sucrose

et al. 2012

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“…The mechanism by which erythritol and xylitol affect total plaque accumulation is not known in detail. For xylitol it is known, however, that a contributing factor may be the reduction in the amount of insoluble, extracellular polysaccharides [Söderling et al, 1987] and lipoteichoic acids [Rølla et al, 1980], and changes in bacterial ultrastructure [Tuompo et al, 1983] observed in plaque or plaque organisms exposed to xylitol. The cultivation tests of this study also suggest that the presence of erythritol in the culture medium exerted relatively strong growth inhibition of mutans streptococci especially after 3-hour cultivation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarity of the Effects ofErythritol and Xylitol on SomeRisk Factors of Dental Caries

et al. 2005

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Several sugar alcohols (polyols) have been promoted as potential sugar substitutes in caries limitation. However, differences in the effects of simple alditol-type sugar alcohol homologues on dental plaque have not been compared in clinical tests. The effects of 6-month use of erythritol (a sugar alcohol of the tetritol type), xylitol (a pentitol) and D-glucitol (sorbitol, a hexitol) were investigated in a cohort of 136 teenage subjects assigned to the respective polyol groups or to an untreated control group (n = 30–36 per group). The daily use of the polyols was 7.0 g in the form of chewable tablets, supplemented by twice-a-day use of a dentifrice containing those polyols. The use of erythritol and xylitol was associated with a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.001 in most cases) in the plaque and saliva levels of mutans streptococci. The amount of dental plaque was also significantly reduced in subjects receiving erythritol and xylitol. Such effects were not observed in other experimental groups. Chemical analyses showed D-glucitol to be a normal finding in dental plaque while xylitol was less consistently detected. Erythritol was detected in measurable amounts only in the plaque of subjects receiving this polyol. Erythritol and xylitol may exert similar effects on some risk factors of dental caries, although the biochemical mechanism of the effects may differ. These in vivo studies were supported by cultivation experiments in which xylitol, and especially erythritol, inhibited the growth of several strains of mutans streptococci.

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“…They send long cytoplasmic processes into dentinal tissue. Thus, during dentin demineralization, bacteria and/or components released from their wall such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA) 2 (5,6) can gain access to odontoblasts (3). Therefore, they are the first cells encountered by bacteria entering dentin from the oral cavity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lipoteichoic Acid Increases TLR and Functional Chemokine Expression while Reducing Dentin Formation in In Vitro Differentiated Human Odontoblasts

Durand

Flacher

Roméas

et al. 2006

The Journal of Immunology

165

172

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Gram-positive bacteria entering the dentinal tissue during the carious process are suspected to influence the immune response in human dental pulp. Odontoblasts situated at the pulp/dentin interface are the first cells encountered by these bacteria and therefore could play a crucial role in this response. In the present study, we found that in vitro-differentiated odontoblasts constitutively expressed the pattern recognition receptor TLR1–6 and 9 genes but not TLR7, 8, and 10. Furthermore, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, triggered the activation of the odontoblasts. LTA up-regulated the expression of its own receptor TLR2, as well as the production of several chemokines. In particular, an increased amount of CCL2 and CXCL10 was detected in supernatants from LTA-stimulated odontoblasts, and those supernatants augmented the migration of immature dendritic cells in vitro compared with controls. Clinical relevance of these observations came from immunohistochemical analysis showing that CCL2 was expressed in vivo by odontoblasts and blood vessels present under active carious lesions but not in healthy dental pulps. In contrast with this inflammatory response, gene expression of major dentin matrix components (type I collagen, dentin sialophosphoprotein) and TGF-β1 was sharply down-regulated in odontoblasts by LTA. Taken together, these data suggest that odontoblasts activated through TLR2 by Gram-positive bacteria LTA are able to initiate an innate immune response by secreting chemokines that recruit immature dendritic cells while down-regulating their specialized functions of dentin matrix synthesis and mineralization.

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High Amounts of Lipoteichoic Acid in Sucrose-Induced Plaque in vivo

Cited by 80 publications

References 5 publications

Calcium binding to S. mutans grown in the presence or absence of sucrose

Calcium binding to S. mutans grown in the presence or absence of sucrose

Similarity of the Effects ofErythritol and Xylitol on SomeRisk Factors of Dental Caries

Lipoteichoic Acid Increases TLR and Functional Chemokine Expression while Reducing Dentin Formation in In Vitro Differentiated Human Odontoblasts

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