High Birth Weight and Early Postnatal Weight Gain Protect Obese Children and Adolescents From Truncal Adiposity and Insulin Resistance

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -Low birth weight (LBW), no early catch-up weight, and subsequent fat accumulation have been associated with increased risks of insulin resistance from childhood onward and later cardiovascular disease. We sought to clarify the effects of high birth weight (HBW) and postnatal weight gain on insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A total of 117 obese children aged 10.4 Ϯ 2.4 years were divided into three groups according to fetal growth after exclusion of maternal diabetes. They were comparable for age, sex, puberty, and percent body fat. Customized French birth weight standards, adjusted for maternal characteristics and gestation number, identified subjects with true altered fetal growth: 32 had increased fetal growth according to customized standards (HBWcust), 52 were eutrophic, and 33 had restricted fetal growth according to customized standards (LBWcust). Fat distribution by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, insulin sensitivity indexes from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin levels were compared between groups.RESULTS -The HBWcust subjects had a higher adiponectin level, higher whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI), and lower hepatic insulin resistance index, lower insulin and free fatty acid concentrations during OGTT, and lower trunk fat percent than eutrophic (P Ͻ 0.05) and LBWcust subjects (P Ͻ 0.05). Besides birth weight, weight gain between 0 and 2 years was a positive predictor (P Ͻ 0.05) of WBISI, whereas weight gain after 4 years was a negative predictor (P Ͻ 0.05).CONCLUSIONS -HBW and early weight gain may program insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism and contribute to so-called metabolically healthy obesity. Diabetes Care 31:1031-1036, 2008N umerous studies have shown that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance, trunk accumulation of fat, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood (1-3). Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome have also been detected in children, adolescents, and young adults born small for gestational age (4 -6). Notably, the effect of birth weight on insulin resistance and later cardiovascular disease has been most apparent in the upper tertile of normal BMI and in obese subjects (7). In addition, the absence of early catch-up weight gain in the context of LBW has been shown to be the most deleterious (1,8).At the opposite extreme, the effect of high birth weight (HBW) on later insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease is more controversial. Some studies showed that subjects with HBW had lower rates of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes (2,9), whereas others reported that, in a context of gestational diabetes or in specific ethnic groups, the heaviest born babies also had an increased risk for developing obesity (10,11) and metabolic syndrome (12). This suggests that disease associations with higher birth weight may reflect the influence of maternal diabetes in both promoting larger birth size and conferring risk for diabetes t...

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Adipose tissue dysregulation and metabolic consequences in childhood and adolescent obesity: potential impact of dietary fat quality

“…Whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivities as well as adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in high birth-weight subjects (137) . However, not all studies have associated MHO with prenatal overnutrition.…”

“…showed that despite similar percentages of body fat mass, obese children and adolescents born after accelerated fetal growth, but in the absence of gestational diabetes, exhibited lower central and higher peripheral fat distribution than those born with an AGA (137) . Whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivities as well as adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in high birth-weight subjects (137) .…”

The effect of genotype and in utero environment on interindividual variation in neonate DNA methylomes

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