OBJECTIVE -Low birth weight (LBW), no early catch-up weight, and subsequent fat accumulation have been associated with increased risks of insulin resistance from childhood onward and later cardiovascular disease. We sought to clarify the effects of high birth weight (HBW) and postnatal weight gain on insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A total of 117 obese children aged 10.4 Ϯ 2.4 years were divided into three groups according to fetal growth after exclusion of maternal diabetes. They were comparable for age, sex, puberty, and percent body fat. Customized French birth weight standards, adjusted for maternal characteristics and gestation number, identified subjects with true altered fetal growth: 32 had increased fetal growth according to customized standards (HBWcust), 52 were eutrophic, and 33 had restricted fetal growth according to customized standards (LBWcust). Fat distribution by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, insulin sensitivity indexes from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin levels were compared between groups.RESULTS -The HBWcust subjects had a higher adiponectin level, higher whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI), and lower hepatic insulin resistance index, lower insulin and free fatty acid concentrations during OGTT, and lower trunk fat percent than eutrophic (P Ͻ 0.05) and LBWcust subjects (P Ͻ 0.05). Besides birth weight, weight gain between 0 and 2 years was a positive predictor (P Ͻ 0.05) of WBISI, whereas weight gain after 4 years was a negative predictor (P Ͻ 0.05).CONCLUSIONS -HBW and early weight gain may program insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism and contribute to so-called metabolically healthy obesity. Diabetes Care 31:1031-1036, 2008N umerous studies have shown that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance, trunk accumulation of fat, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood (1-3). Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome have also been detected in children, adolescents, and young adults born small for gestational age (4 -6). Notably, the effect of birth weight on insulin resistance and later cardiovascular disease has been most apparent in the upper tertile of normal BMI and in obese subjects (7). In addition, the absence of early catch-up weight gain in the context of LBW has been shown to be the most deleterious (1,8).At the opposite extreme, the effect of high birth weight (HBW) on later insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease is more controversial. Some studies showed that subjects with HBW had lower rates of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes (2,9), whereas others reported that, in a context of gestational diabetes or in specific ethnic groups, the heaviest born babies also had an increased risk for developing obesity (10,11) and metabolic syndrome (12). This suggests that disease associations with higher birth weight may reflect the influence of maternal diabetes in both promoting larger birth size and conferring risk for diabetes t...

Discrimination of HH from CDP with baseline INHB measurement was excellent in subjects with genital stage 1 and fair in subjects with genital stage 2.

Cette étude trace un profil des diverses technologies utilisées et en développement pour la séparation et/ou la récupération des métaux dans les effluents industriels. Les principes de fonctionnement de ces technologies sont abordés, ainsi que leurs avantages et limites d'utilisation. Les procédés d'enlèvement et de récupération des métaux comprennent les techniques de précipitation (formation d'hydroxydes, de carbonates, de sulfures, etc.) et coprécipitation (sels de fer et d'aluminium, etc.), d'adsorption (sable, cellulose, charbon activé, pyrite, ciment, lignite, mousse de tourbe, sciure de bois, etc.) et de biosorption (bactéries, levures, moisissures, algues marines et d'eaux douces), d'électrodéposition et d'électrocoagulation, de cémentation, de séparation par membranes (osmose inverse et électrodialyse), d'extraction par solvant (acides carboxyliques, amines aliphatiques ou aromatiques, acides aminés, composés phénoliques, phosphates alkyl, etc.), et d'échange d'ions (résines naturelles et synthétiques). La précipitation ou la coprécipitation représentent les procédés les plus largement utilisés et étudiés pour l'enlèvement des métaux des effluents industriels, suivis des techniques d'adsorption. Les procédés plus sophistiqués tels que l'électrodéposition, l'extraction par solvant, la séparation par membranes et l'échange d'ions, bien que largement utilisés dans les procédés métallurgiques, sont relativement peu employés et examinés pour le traitement des effluents industriels. La biosorption a fait l'objet de plusieurs travaux de recherche au cours des dernières années et représente une option intéressante pour le traitement de divers types d'effluents contenant de faibles concentrations en métaux. Finalement, le recyclage et la gestion optimale des effluents constitue une avenue de plus en plus suivie par les industries soucieuses de satisfaire aux nouvelles réglementations et législations.This study is dedicated to the review of the different technologies used and evaluated for the removal and/or recovery of metals from industrial effluents. The principles involved in these technologies are discussed, as well as the advantages and limits associated with these processes. The metal removal and recovery processes include the following techniques: precipitation, adsorption and biosorption, electrowinning and electrocoagulation, cementation, membrane separations, solvent extraction and ion exchange.Precipitation and coprecipitation are the most used and studied methods for metal removal from industrial waste waters. The method of precipitation used most often to remove metals from waste water consists of precipitating them in the form of hydroxides. The usual procedure involves the addition of chemicals such as lime (CaO or Ca(OH)2), Mg(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2 CO3, (NH4)2 CO3, NaOH or NH4 OH. The precipitation of metals by carbonates or sulphides is an effective alternative to hydroxide precipitation. The use of carbonates allows the precipitation of metals to occur at pH values lower than those necessary with th...

Objective: Many patients treated for craniopharyngioma (CP) complain of a relative incapacity for physical activity. Whether this is due to an objective decrease in adaptation to exercise is unclear.We assessed exercise tolerance in children with surgically treated CP and appropriate pituitary hormone replacement therapy compared with healthy controls and we examined the potential relationships with hypothalamic involvement, GH replacement, and the catecholamine deficiency frequently observed in these subjects. Design and methods: Seventeen subjects (12 males and five females) with CP and 22 healthy controls (14 males and eight females) aged 15.3G2.5 years (7.3-18 years) underwent a standardized cycle ergometer test. Maximum aerobic capacity was expressed as the ratio of VO 2max to fat-free mass (VO 2max /FFM), a measure independent of age and fat mass in children. Results: VO 2max /FFM was 20% lower in children with CP compared with controls (P!0.05), even after adjustment for gender. Children with hypothalamic involvement (nZ10) had a higher percentage of fat mass (P!0.05) than those without hypothalamic involvement (nZ7) and lower VO 2max /FFM (P!0.05), whereas children without hypothalamic involvement had VO 2max /FFM close to that of controls (PO0.05). GH treatment was associated with a significant positive effect on aerobic capacity (P!0.05) only in the absence of hypothalamic involvement. No relationship was found between exercise capacity parameters and daily urine epinephrine excretion or epinephrine peak response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Conclusions: Children with CP have a decrease in aerobic capacity mainly related to hypothalamic involvement. The hypothalamic factors altering aerobic capacity remain to be determined.

A la fin du XIXe siècle, une nouvelle forme d’amusement public fait son apparition dans le domaine des loisirs montréalais : le carnaval d’hiver. Organisée par les clubs sportifs, encouragée par l’administration municipale et financée par l’entreprise privée, cette manifestation prend la forme d’une vaste campagne publicitaire et touristique dont l’objectif est, d’une part, de provoquer un regain de l’activité économique durant la saison morte en attirant les touristes, et d’autre part, de promouvoir les intérêts de la ville en faisant davantage connaître à l’étranger son potentiel commercial et industriel. Sous ses dehors heureux, le carnaval demeure profondément imprégné par les besoins, les aspirations et les antagonismes qui dominent l’histoire de Montréal au XIXe siècle. Ainsi, au travers les monuments et décorations transparaissent les valeurs culturelles de ceux qui les conçoivent, dans le choix des activités récréatives et mondaines s’impose le caractère bourgeois de la fête alors que dans les diverses formes de tensions s’affirme la complexité des relations entre les différents groupes d’intervenants. Afin de mieux cerner les caractéristiques sociales, culturelles et économiques du carnaval, le présent texte se propose d’examiner successivement quatre aspects de la manifestation soit ceux liés à son histoire, à ses publics, à ses organisateurs et à ses conflits; ce faisant, nous voulons démontrer que cet événement s’insère dans la dynamique sociale de l’époque et qu’il partage peu de points communs avec la fête véritablement « populaire ». C’est donc sous l’angle de l’analyse plus que de la simple évocation que nous abordons ce sujet trop longtemps confiné à la rubrique de la « petite histoire ».