High Cholesterol Diet Induces IL-1β Expression in Adult but Not Larval Zebrafish

Abstract

Recently, it has been demonstrated that high cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemia and vascular lipid oxidation and accumulation in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that zebrafish is a new promising atherosclerosis model in addition to mouse models. However, up to date, there was no report regarding inflammatory cytokine expression during the lipid accumulation in zebrafish larva and adult fish. In this study, we first demonstrated the expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed zebrafish larvae, and found that although HCD induced vascular lipid accumulation, the cytokine expressions in the larvae were not changed by HCD. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in leukocyte accumulation in vessels between control and HCD fed group. But prolonged HCD induced IL-1β expression in spleen and liver compared to those of control zebrafish, and produced very early stage of fatty streak lesion in dorsal aorta of 19 week HCD-fed zebrafish. These results indicate that HCD induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic changes in zebrafish are very early stage, and suggest the necessity of the generation of mutant zebrafish having a disruption in a lipid metabolism-related gene leading to severe hypercholesterolemia and advanced atherosclerosis.

Modeling GATAD1-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Adult Zebrafish

“…Third, to facilitate the detection of cardiomyopathy phenotypes, we imposed two stresses. Previous studies showed that feeding adult fish a high cholesterol diet induces hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic changes [ 44 , 45 ]. Additionally, ethanol exposure interrupts cardiac morphogenesis, causing heart defects in zebrafish embryos [ 46 ].…”

“…A 4% cholesterol diet was made as previously descripted [ 44 , 45 ]. Briefly, 4 g cholesterol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 200 mL ether before being mixed with 100 g of artificial artemia.…”

Oxidative stress and immunotoxicity induced by graphene oxide in zebrafish

“…Zebrafish ␤-actin was used as standard to control for the starting quantity of RNA. The sequences of PCR primers were: 5 -GAGGAGCACCCCGTCCTGCTCAC-3 and 5 -GATGGCTGGACCAGGGCCTCTGG-3 for ␤-actin, 5 -TGGCGA ACGTCATCCAAG-3 and 5 -GGAGCACTGGGCGACGCATA-3 for IL-1␤, 5 -TCAACTTCTCCAGCGTGATG-3 and 5 -TCTTTCCCTCTTTTCCTCCTG-3 for IL-6, and 5 -GCTTATGAGCCATGCAGTGA-3 and 5 -TGCCCAGTCTGTCTCCTTCT-3 for TNF-␣ (Yoon et al, 2013). PCR was performed with an initial denaturation of 5 min at 95 • C, then 35 cycles were run for 30 s of denaturation at 95 • C, 30 sec of annealing at 55 • C, and 30 s of extension at 72 • C. The cycle threshold (CT) value was calculated to indirectly assess relative changes in expression levels based on the 2 − CT method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).…”

Retinol-binding protein 4 and its potential roles in hypercholesterolemia revealed by proteomics

“…tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from adipose tissues) (Coppack, 2001[ 11 ]; Zoccali et al, 2003[ 45 ]). In parallel, it is also reported that hypercholesterolemia and high cholesterol diet could increase the production of TNF-α and IL-1β, resulting in the amplification of inflammatory process (Kotnik et al, 2013[ 21 ]; Sell and Eckel, 2007[ 35 ]; Yoon et al, 2013[ 40 ]).…”