High crack self-healing efficiency and enhanced free-edge delamination resistance of carbon fibrous composites with hierarchical interleaves

Ouyang, Qin; Wang, Xiaolong; Liu, Ling

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109115

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…As the load increased, these microcracks tended to form S-type ligaments and then merged at the upper/lower boundary of the middle interface, enabling macroscopic delamination crack propagation [ 1 ]. Due to the lower strength/stiffness of EMAA [ 17 ], the maximum normal stress that EMAA can withstand is lower than that of the EP matrix, which may be the main reason for the decreased G IIC of the EMAA-interleaved CFRP.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 1 a, porous CNT/EMAA membranes were prepared by hot pressing and spraying. Firstly, EMAA particles were uniformly distributed over a flat mold and hot-pressed to obtain a homogenous membrane with a thickness of 90 ± 6 μm, which was then hot-pressed using a template, as described in detail in our previous study [ 17 ]. Thus, porous EMAA films with a porosity of around 22.7% and a distance between the centers of two adjacent holes of 1.60 mm were prepared.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, extrinsic self-healing CFRPs achieve their crack self-healing by embedding microcapsules or micro-vessels (injected with healing agents, which flow out of broken capsules/vessels to repair cracks) or thermoplastics (the melt flows to fill and repair cracks when heated) into the polymer matrix of mature CFRPs [ 15 ]. Due to the ease of processing, a relatively low melting point ( T m ), and good melt flowability, the incorporation of thermoplastic healing agents into CFRP matrices is considered a promising approach to crack self-healing [ 17 ]. In addition, during thermoplastic melting and crack filling, hydrogen bonding or covalent bonding between the thermoplastic and the polymer matrix will increase the interfacial strength as well as the self-healing efficiency of the mechanical properties [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that poly[ethylene-co-(methacrylic acid)] (EMAA) is an excellent self-healing thermoplastic copolymer with the advantages of a high thermal expansion coefficient, covalently crosslinking with epoxy, and pressure delivery self-healing mechanism [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Traditionally, EMAA has been incorporated into thermosetting epoxy matrices of composite laminates in the form of particles [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 ], membranes [ 23 , 24 ], meshes [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], stitches [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], or woven filaments [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], showing good delamination resistance and high recovery of interlaminar fracture toughness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These CNTs can form a continuous conductive network and can be regarded as an embedded nanoscopic heat resource when an electric current passes, activating the thermal self-healing capability of the self-mendable agent to heal cracks nearby. Additionally, a CNT/EMAA composite film was made by spraying in our prior study [ 17 ], and it showed good self-healing efficiency for mode III delamination cracks by using an in situ electrical heating method. However, how to combine EMAA and CNTs to obtain better healing efficiency for delaminated cracks has not been considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrothermally Self-Healing Delamination Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Sandwich and Tough Carbon Nanotube/Copolymer Interleaves

Ouyang

Liu²,

Wu³

2022

Polymers

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Herein, two sandwich and porous interleaves composed of carbon nanotube (CNT) and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) are proposed, which can simultaneously toughen and self-heal the interlaminar interface of a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) by in situ electrical heating of the CNTs. The critical strain energy release rate modes I (GIC) and II (GIIC) are measured to evaluate the toughening and self-healing efficiencies of the interleaves. The results show that compared to the baseline CFRP, the CNT-EMAA-CNT interleaf could increase the GIC by 24.0% and the GIIC by 15.2%, respectively, and their respective self-healing efficiencies could reach 109.7–123.5% and 90.6–91.2%; meanwhile, the EMAA-CNT-EMAA interleaf can improve the GIC and GIIC by 66.9% and 16.7%, respectively, and the corresponding self-healing efficiencies of the GIC and GIIC are 122.7–125.9% and 93.1–94.7%. Thus, both the interleaves show good toughening and self-healing efficiencies on the interlaminar fracture toughness. Specifically, the EMAA-CNT-EMAA interleaf possesses better multi-functionality, i.e., moderate toughening ability but notable self-healing efficiency via electrical heating, which is better than the traditional neat EMAA interleaf and oven-based heating healing method.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electrothermally Self-Healing Delamination Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Sandwich and Tough Carbon Nanotube/Copolymer Interleaves

Ouyang

Liu²,

Wu³

2022

Polymers

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Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of the epoxy vitrimer based on transesterification and its composite laminates

Chang,

Gao,

Yan

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The resin is a fundamental factor in determining the performance and usage conditions of its composites. The epoxy vitrimer, which combines both thermoplastic and thermosetting properties, shows significant potential in extending the service life of material. The curing process significantly affects the macroscopic properties of the vitrimer and the resulting carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). Effective control of curing parameters constitutes the critical factor for the assurance of product quality. In the study, a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was utilized to establish a curing kinetics model for a modified, self‐healable epoxy vitrimer based on transesterification. Then the molecular structure, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties of the cured vitrimer were analyzed. Next vitrimeric CFRP (vCFRP) laminates were fabricated, and the tensile and bending properties of the vCFRP laminates were investigated. The results showed the curing process was obtained: 95°C/1 h + 150°C/2 h + 170°C/2 h. The thermodynamic and mechanical properties of cured vitrimer could meet practical requirements. The minimal differences observed in the stress–strain curves of the specimens indicated that the curing process was appropriately configured. The prepared laminates exhibited performance comparable to that of commercial thermosetting composites.

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A review on self‐healing polymers and polymer composites for structural applications

et al. 2022

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Polymer composites when employed for structural applications undergo dynamic stresses and strains that initiate fatigue‐induced microcracks, which by their coalescence cause the failure of the materials, thus limiting their service life. To overcome this hurdle, one of the recent approaches relies on the development of smart self‐healing polymers that, analogously to biological systems, can use damage as a trigger to activate the self‐repair phenomenon, thus extending their service life. This work reviews the self‐healing approach in polymer‐based materials for structural applications. It focuses on three main aspects, which are also explained with schematics that illustrate the mechanisms involved. The first aspect describes the different strategies adopted for self‐healing polymeric structures, the self‐healing agents used, as well as the reactions responsible for repairing the damage. The second part is focused on the methods used to disperse the self‐healing agents and catalysts within the polymer systems. The third section details the different self‐healing mechanisms and the effectiveness of self‐healing approaches in terms of mechanical and dynamical‐mechanical behavior of materials. Challenges and future research outlook highlighting the importance of relaxation time and fatigue characterization and to understand the mechanisms and possible improvements are also presented.

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High crack self-healing efficiency and enhanced free-edge delamination resistance of carbon fibrous composites with hierarchical interleaves

Cited by 21 publications

References 54 publications

Electrothermally Self-Healing Delamination Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Sandwich and Tough Carbon Nanotube/Copolymer Interleaves

Electrothermally Self-Healing Delamination Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Sandwich and Tough Carbon Nanotube/Copolymer Interleaves

Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of the epoxy vitrimer based on transesterification and its composite laminates

A review on self‐healing polymers and polymer composites for structural applications

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