High-density lipoproteins for therapeutic delivery systems

Abstract

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a class of natural nanostructures found in the blood and are composed of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (e.g. microRNA). Their size, which appears to be well-suited for both tissue penetration/retention as well as payload delivery, long circulation half-life, avoidance of endosomal sequestration, and potential low toxicity are all excellent properties to model in a drug delivery vehicle. In this review, we consider high-density lipoproteins for therapeutic delivery systems. First we discuss the structure and function of natural HDL, describing in detail its biogenesis and transformation from immature, discoidal forms, to more mature, spherical forms. Next we consider features of HDL making them suitable vehicles for drug delivery. We then describe the use of natural HDL, discoidal HDL analogs, and spherical HDL analogs to deliver various classes of drugs, including small molecules, lipids, and oligonucleotides. We briefly consider the notion that the drug delivery vehicles themselves are therapeutic, constituting entities that exhibit “theralivery.” Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions in the field.

High-Density Lipoprotein: From Biological Functions to Clinical Perspectives

“…Compared to the artificial nanocarriers (e.g., liposomes, micelles, inorganic, and polymeric nanoparticles), HDL-based drug delivery strategies have unique features that deliver drugs, peptides/proteins, nucleic acids, and imaging agents targeted to various organs more efficiently [147]. These attributes of HDL include ultrasmall size (8-12 nm), high tolerability in humans (up to 8 g of protein per infusion), long circulating half-life (12-24 h), and intrinsic targeting properties to specific recipient cells [148,149].…”

High Density Lipoproteins: Metabolism, Function, and Therapeutic Potential

“…Furthermore, increasing apoA1 levels alone, either through genetic manipulation in animal models (111) or through exogenous infusion in animals (112) and Overview of pre-clinical and clinical research, of the last 10-years focusing on HDL. Several excellent reviews exist for further reading (87)(88)(89)(90).…”

Amphiphilic block poly(propylene carbonate)‐block‐allyloxypolyethyleneglycol copolymer based shell cross‐linked micelles for controlled release of drug

“…Owing to the enhanced excellent chemical, mechanical stability, and self-assembly behavior, amphiphilic block copolymer has unique advantages in the slowly released drug. [1][2][3] Because the copolymer is capable of many practical applications, including nanoreactors, compatibilizers, emulsifiers, dispersants, foamers, thickeners, and so on. [4][5][6][7] In particular, the application of structural control of materials interfaces is more prominent.…”