“…A notable difference is observed in the shifting behavior of the curves; the standard device's characteristics shifted in parallel, whereas our developed device exhibited a dispersed shift, resulting in a larger threshold voltage (Vt) shift under the same current conditions. This new device effectively functions as two parallel transistors: one with a complete core triple-layer structure and another consisting only of an oxide layer on the sidewall [12,13]. During programming, the Vt of the sidewall transistor remains constant, while the Vt of the triple-layer structure transistor increases due to the introduction of the charge trap layer, leading to a non-linear shift in Vt. Our device demonstrated a decline in subthreshold swing (SS) characteristics, which was attributed to differences in structural design.…”