High Dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Promotes HDL Cholesterol Level, but does not Suppress Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice 1

Zhang, Liang; Geng, Yue; Xiao, Ni; Yin, Miao; Mao, Liufeng; Ren, Ge; Zhang, Cong; Liu, Peng; Lu, Nannan; An, Liguo; Pan, Jie

doi:10.5551/jat.no1347

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The activity of LPL was highest in the group whose dietary ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was the lowest (3:1), and our results showed that this ratio improved the absorption of TG in the body. However, the results of the present study were different from those of a previous study (Zhang et al, 2009), where dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios were 1.28, 5.03, 9.98, 68.62, which showed that the different n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios had no effect on the expression of LPL in the mouse liver. This might due to difference in the species and the different n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Lower ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Decrease Fat Deposition by Inhibiting Fat Synthesis in Gosling

Wang

Ding

et al. 2016

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of dietary ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on lipid metabolism in goslings. One hundred and sixty 21-day-old Yangzhou geese of similar weight were randomly divided into 4 groups. They were fed different PUFA-supplemented diets (the 4 diets had ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratios of 12:1, 9:1, 6:1, or 3:1). The geese were slaughtered and samples of liver and muscle were collected at day 70. The activities and the gene expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were measured. The results show that the activities of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), malic enzyme (ME), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were lower (p<0.05), but the activities of hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were higher (p<0.05), in the liver and the muscle from the 3:1 and 6:1 groups compared with those in the 9:1 and 12:1 groups. Expression of the genes for FAS (p<0.01), ME (p<0.01) and ACC (p<0.05) were higher in the muscle of groups fed diets with higher ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratios. Additionally, in situ hybridization tests showed that the expression intensities of the high density lipoprotein (HDL-R) gene in the 12:1 and 9:1 groups were significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of the 3:1 group in the muscle of goslings. In conclusion, diets containing lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratios (3:1 or 6:1) could decrease fat deposition by inhibiting fat synthesis in goslings.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Lower ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Decrease Fat Deposition by Inhibiting Fat Synthesis in Gosling

Wang

Ding

et al. 2016

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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“…However, concerns have been raised regarding high n-6 intake may accelerate the conversion of n-6 18: 2 LA into 20:4 AA, which is a major substrate of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines. Although there are inconsistent findings of protective effects of n-3 FA on atherogenesis in animal models 30, 42 , lower ratios of n-6/n-3 FA intakes are still favorable toward reducing atherosclerosis 43, 44 . Might our results be related to the effects of the different diets on n-6 FA intake?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incremental replacement of saturated fats by n−3 fatty acids in high-fat, high-cholesterol diets reduces elevated plasma lipid levels and arterial lipoprotein lipase, macrophages and atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice

et al. 2014

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Objective Effects of progressive substitution of dietary n-3 fatty acids (FA) for saturated FA (SAT) on modulating risk factors for atherosclerosis have not been fully defined. Our previous reports demonstrate that SAT increased, but n-3 FA decreased, arterial lipoprotein lipase (LpL) levels and arterial LDL-cholesterol deposition early in atherogenesis. We now questioned whether incremental increases in dietary n-3 FA can counteract SAT-induced pro-atherogenic effects in atherosclerosis-prone LDL-receptor knockout (LDLR−/−) mice and have identified contributing mechanisms. Methods and results Mice were fed chow or high-fat diets enriched in SAT, n-3, or a combination of both SAT and n-3 in ratios of 3:1 (S:n-3 3:1) or 1:1 (S:n-3 1:1). Each diet resulted in the expected changes in fatty acid composition in blood and aorta for each feeding group. SAT-fed mice became hyperlipidemic. By contrast, n-3 inclusion decreased plasma lipid levels, especially cholesterol. Arterial LpL and macrophage levels were increased over 2-fold in SAT-fed mice but these were decreased with incremental replacement with n-3 FA. n-3 FA partial inclusion markedly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory markers (CD68, IL-6, and VCAM-1) in aorta. SAT diets accelerated advanced atherosclerotic lesion development, whereas all n-3 FA-containing diets markedly slowed atherosclerotic progression. Conclusion Mechanisms whereby dietary n-3 FA may improve adverse cardiovascular effects of high-SAT, high-fat diets include improving plasma lipid profiles, increasing amounts of n-3 FA in plasma and the arterial wall. Even low levels of replacement of SAT by n-3 FA effectively reduce arterial lipid deposition by decreasing aortic LpL, macrophages and pro-inflammatory markers.

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“…Emerging evidence indicates that the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in protection against atherosclerosis depends not only on the amount of n-3 PUFAs but also on the background level of n-6 PUFAs. 23 Recent findings 20,24,25 suggest that a low ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (close to 1:1) is desirable in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases that are highly prevalent in Western societies, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in the development of atherosclerosis remains to be established in well-qualified in vivo models.…”

Section: See Accompanying Article On Page 2325mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenously Decreasing Tissue n-6/n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E –Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Systemic and Vascular Inflammation

Wan

Huang

Rong

et al. 2010

ATVB

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Objective— To use the fat-1 transgenic mouse model to determine the role of tissue n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Although it has been suggested that a low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is more desirable in reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, the role of tissue n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in atherosclerosis has not been sufficiently tested in a well-controlled experimental system. The fat-1 transgenic mouse model, expressing an n-3 fatty acid desaturase, is capable of producing n-3 PUFAs from n-6 PUFAs and thereby has a ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids close to 1:1 in tissues and organs. Methods and Results— To generate apolipoprotein E–deficient plus fat-1 transgenic mice ( apoE −/− / fat-1 ), we crossed heterozygous fat-1 mice with apoE −/− mice. After 14 weeks of a Western-type diet rich in n-6 PUFAs, the apoE −/− / fat-1 mice showed a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids than the apoE −/− mice in all organs and tissues tested. The aortic lesion area in apoE −/− / fat-1 mice was significantly reduced when compared with that of apoE −/− littermates (7.14±0.54% versus 13.49±1.61%). There were no differences in plasma cholesterol or high- and low-density lipoprotein levels between the 2 groups, except for a higher triglyceride level in the apoE −/− / fat-1 mice. A significant reduction of interleukin 6 and prostaglandin E 2 in both plasma and aorta culture medium was observed in apoE −/− / fat-1 mice. RT-PCR analysis also indicated that the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 6, and cyclooxygenase-2 was lower in the aortas and the circulating monocytes from apoE −/− / fat-1 mice. In addition, the expression of nuclear factor κB/p65 in the aorta and the recruitment of macrophages into atherosclerotic plaques were reduced in apoE −/− / fat-1 mice, compared with apoE −/− mice. Conclusion— To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide direct evidence for the role of tissue n-6/n-3 ratio in atherosclerosis using the fat-1 transgenic mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that a decreased n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apoE −/− mice. This protective effect may be attributed to the antiinflammatory properties of n-3 fatty acids, rather than their lipid-lowering effect.

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High Dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Promotes HDL Cholesterol Level, but does not Suppress Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice 1

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Lower ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Decrease Fat Deposition by Inhibiting Fat Synthesis in Gosling

Lower ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Decrease Fat Deposition by Inhibiting Fat Synthesis in Gosling

Incremental replacement of saturated fats by n−3 fatty acids in high-fat, high-cholesterol diets reduces elevated plasma lipid levels and arterial lipoprotein lipase, macrophages and atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice

Endogenously Decreasing Tissue n-6/n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E –Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Systemic and Vascular Inflammation

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