High efficiency light coupling from antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide to integrated photodetector using an antireflecting layer

Abstract

The dispersion characteristics and radiation loss characteristics of ARROW (antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide), a novel single-mode slab waveguide, are analyzed in detail. The mechanism by which the waveguide produces a large amount of light radiation from the waveguide core to the semiconductor substrate is explained and some approximate formulas of propagation characteristics are obtained, which are useful for the design of ARROW. Two novel integrated structures of ARROW and photodetector are proposed to realize high coupling efficiency from waveguide to photodetector, small device size, and easy fabrication process. In these structures, an antireflecting (AR) layer is introduced to greatly enhance coupling efficiency. Their performance is discussed compared with the conventional waveguide structure. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that a high coupling efficiency (>90%) is achievable with short detector length in the ARROW structures.

Design and analysis of wearable pupillometer for autonomic neuropathy of diabetic patients

“…Properly setting these position parameters enables the light spots to be perfectly eliminated [15][16][17][18].…”

Bandgaps and antiresonances in integrated-ARROWs and Bragg fibers; a simple model

“…The Duguay-ARROW model has been successfully applied to different types of level-core (n core = n 0 < n 1 ) ARROWs (e.g. [15][16][17]). More recently, the Duguay-ARROW model has also been employed by Litchinitser et al [19][20][21] and Abeeluck et al [18] to describe antiresonance guidance in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) in the large-core regime, including level-core Bragg fibers [19], and, in particular, PCFs with a cladding of high-index rods [20,21].…”

“…As it was initially conceived, the model used to describe ARROWs typically assumed that one of the cladding layer refractive indices was much greater than the core and remaining cladding index [15]. As such, many ARROW designs have a core index equal to the lowest of the cladding indices [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]; we will call these level-core waveguides. Indeed, this line of thought saw the ARROW model successfully applied to (non-layered cladding) photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) [20,21] and has spawned much interest in what have been termed 'ARROWfibers': PCFs of a low-index substrate with a cladding of high-index rods (typically on, but not restricted to, a hexagonal lattice).…”

<title>Transfer matrix approach to the design of InP/InGaAsP ARROW structures</title>

“…5 and 6 for the TE3 and TE4 modes at d2 = 0.2370 pm, respectively. In contrast to Baba et al 11 we do not call them ARROW modes. It is clear that each of them becomes an ARROW mode, but only in the appropriate range of d2.…”