High Expression of p40 tax and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in the Lungs of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Related Bronchopulmonary Disorders

HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells

“…Indeed, intracellular Tax expression has been associated with the rapid upregulation of IFN-γ in infected cells, and researchers have theorized that this upregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated inflammatory disorders, including HAM/TSP (19,36,37). Here we showed at the mRNA level that Tax expression stimulated IFNG expression; moreover, the effect appeared delayed (Figure 2A), in a manner suggestive of 1 or more intermediate steps in the pathway, rather than direct transcriptional activation.…”

Interleukin-1 alpha produced by human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected T cells induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on lung epithelial cells

“…BAL was performed in the 11 patients using a standard technique (Yamazato et al, 2003). The BALF obtained was passed through two sheets of gauze.…”

“…During infection, the expression levels of cytokines and chemokines are significantly higher in the BALF of patients with HTLV-I-related pulmonary diseases than in that of healthy subjects (Yamazato et al, 2003). However, little is known regarding how such humoral factors contribute to the pathological changes in HTLV-I-related pulmonary diseases.…”

Increased Expression of <i>HBZ</i> and <i>Foxp3</i> mRNA in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Taken from Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1-associated Lung Disorder Patients

“…BAL was performed as described previously (4). Under local anesthesia, a fiberscope was inserted into the middle lobe, and 150 mL of sterile saline solution in three 50-mL aliquots, was instilled.…”

“…It has been reported that there is an elevation in the levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (2), along with increased expression of mRNA transcripts for inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells of patients with HTLV-I-associated lung disorders (3,4). The expression of some cytokines and tax (a factor implicated in HTLV-1 pathogenesis) mRNA expression correlated with the proportion of lymphocytes in the BALF (4).…”