High-Intensity Functional Training: Molecular Mechanisms and Benefits

High-intensity training is becoming increasingly popular outside of elite sport for health prevention and rehabilitation. This expanded application of high-intensity training in different populations requires a deeper understanding of its molecular signature in the human body. Therefore, in this integrative review, cellular and systemic molecular responses to high-intensity training are described for skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system, and the immune system as major effectors and targets of health and performance. Different kinds of stimuli and resulting homeostatic perturbations (i.e., metabolic, mechanical, neuronal, and hormonal) are reflected, taking into account their role in the local and systemic deflection of molecular sensors and mediators, and their role in tissue and organ adaptations. In skeletal muscle, a high metabolic perturbation induced by high-intensity training is the major stimulus for skeletal muscle adaptation. In the cardio-vascular system, high-intensity training induces haemodynamic stress and deflection of the Ca2+ handling as major stimuli for functional and structural adaptation of the heart and vessels. For the immune system haemodynamic stress, hormones, exosomes, and O2 availability are proposed stimuli that mediate their effects by alteration of different signalling processes leading to local and systemic (anti)inflammatory responses. Overall, high-intensity training shows specific molecular signatures that demonstrate its high potential to improve health and physical performance.

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“…For example, why these completely different training regimes can induce similar training adaptations? However, 3…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Molecular Signature of High-intensity Training in the Human Body

2021

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“…High-intensity functional training (HIFT), like high-intensity interval training (HIIT), is a new training modality that mixes high-intensity exercises with functional movements, and CrossFit (CFit) training has emerged as the most common and growing form of HIFT worldwide 9 , 10 . It has been proposed that HIIT is the essence of combat sport-specific training 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sportomics suggests that albuminuria is a sensitive biomarker of hydration in cross combat

Gonçalves

Neto

Bassini

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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We have been using sportomics to understand hypermetabolic stress. Cross Combat (CCombat) has recently been initiated as a high-intensity functional training method inspired by CrossFit. We used a CCombat session to induce metabolic stress and evaluated its effects on hydration and kidney function. Blood samples were collected from 16 elite-level professional male athletes engaged in training sessions over a 96-h protocol. Blood myoglobin increased by ~ 3.5-fold (119 ± 21 to 369 ± 62 nmol/L; p = .001) in response to the protocol, returning to the pre-exercise level within 48 h. Furthermore, d-dimer levels increased from 6.5 ± 0.6 to 79.4 ± 21.3 μmol/L (p < .001) in response to exercise decreasing during recovery with high variability among the studied athletes. Albuminemia and creatininemia increased ~ 10% and cystatin C increased ~ 240% (1.7 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.5 mg/L; p < .001; effect size = 2.4) in response to the protocol. We measured albuminuria (HuA) to assess kidney permeability to albumin caused by exercise. HuA increased ~ 16-fold (0.16 ± 0.03 to 2.47 ± 0.41 μmol/L; p < .001; effect size = 1.4) in response to exercise, dropping and reaching basal levels during 48 h. Here, we suggest that microalbuminuria can be used as an early, sensitive, easy, and inexpensive biomarker to evaluate hydration status changes during intensive exercise, decreasing chronic impairment in renal function.

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“…A specific feature of HIT, and even more of SIT, is the high physical strain occurring only for a limited time. Therefore, HIT and SIT are characterised by specific metabolic, mechanic, hormonal, and neuronal perturbations in different tissue and organs with subsequent systemic, local and cellular signalling [2][3][4]. This integrative review aims to demonstrate molecular signatures of HIT and SIT in selected tissues and organs with respect to acute effects and chronic adaptations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2022

Int J Sports Med

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High-Intensity Functional Training: Molecular Mechanisms and Benefits

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

The Molecular Signature of High-intensity Training in the Human Body

The Molecular Signature of High-intensity Training in the Human Body

Sportomics suggests that albuminuria is a sensitive biomarker of hydration in cross combat

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