Sportomics suggests that albuminuria is a sensitive biomarker of hydration in cross combat

Abstract

We have been using sportomics to understand hypermetabolic stress. Cross Combat (CCombat) has recently been initiated as a high-intensity functional training method inspired by CrossFit. We used a CCombat session to induce metabolic stress and evaluated its effects on hydration and kidney function. Blood samples were collected from 16 elite-level professional male athletes engaged in training sessions over a 96-h protocol. Blood myoglobin increased by ~ 3.5-fold (119 ± 21 to 369 ± 62 nmol/L; p = .001) in response to the protocol, returning to the pre-exercise level within 48 h. Furthermore, d-dimer levels increased from 6.5 ± 0.6 to 79.4 ± 21.3 μmol/L (p < .001) in response to exercise decreasing during recovery with high variability among the studied athletes. Albuminemia and creatininemia increased ~ 10% and cystatin C increased ~ 240% (1.7 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.5 mg/L; p < .001; effect size = 2.4) in response to the protocol. We measured albuminuria (HuA) to assess kidney permeability to albumin caused by exercise. HuA increased ~ 16-fold (0.16 ± 0.03 to 2.47 ± 0.41 μmol/L; p < .001; effect size = 1.4) in response to exercise, dropping and reaching basal levels during 48 h. Here, we suggest that microalbuminuria can be used as an early, sensitive, easy, and inexpensive biomarker to evaluate hydration status changes during intensive exercise, decreasing chronic impairment in renal function.

Not only age affects cardiovascular parameters, salivary biomarkers, and their correlation, but the level of physical conditioning changes this behavior in the elderly

“…A holistic and integrated analysis was carried out to avoid traditional dogmas and paradoxes. 5 A Spearman rank correlation coefficient strategy was adopted so that the findings could be plotted on heat maps for better visualization. A negative correlation was found between salivary flow and cardiovascular parameters, blood lactate, and total salivary proteins in both groups, but with correlation coefficients of almost double for the elderly only active the elderly athletes, as the heat maps show (Figs.…”

The double product breakpoint as predictor of stress and the correlation between IL-12 and biomarkers in athletes

“…SigmaPlot 14.5 (Academic Perpetual License -Single User -ESD Systat® USA) and, Past 4.03 (Free version for Windows) was used to carry out the different statistical tests and produce the graphs. Finally, the correlation coe cients were presented using heat maps 5 .…”

“…Physical exercise, traditionally used by science to evaluate the performance of athletes or to test the effectiveness of different supplements in this performance, gains a new perspective with the emergence of sportomics sciences [1][2][3] . Sportomics aims to reproduce the natural conditions of different sports and exercise methods, not to improve the conditioning of athletes and gain titles, but to study the immunometabolism in different lines, from the in uence of drugs, nutrients, types of stress, pathologies, and limitations, in different populations 1,4,5,6 , observing modulations in the immune system, metabolism and the integration between organs and systems in these conditions 1,7,8 . Metabolic alterations and cardiovascular diseases are a growing trend in the 21st century and represent a concern for health professionals and researchers worldwide 9 .…”

Interleukin 12 correlates with performance, metabolism and acid-base balance during physical exercise

“…The sportomic method aims to generate real competition situations during an experiment, with the objective of understanding the metabolic and immunological alterations, and stress in different organs and systems, as well as selecting the most sensitive biomarkers for each sex, age, training level, type of stress, environmental conditions, and types of exposure [1,6,7,8,9,10].…”