High levels of dioxins and PCBs in meat, fat and livers of free ranging pigs, goats, sheep and cows from the island of Curaçao

Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Dam, Guillaume ten; Leeuwen, S.P.J. van; Egmond, Harry van; Nicolina, Jennyfer; Dwarkasing, Arnold J.S.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128057

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As an example, PCB 101 (which is an IN-PCB) is highly abundant in the environment and also appears in the food chain. 9,25 PCBs have also been shown to readily accumulate in animal-origin foods via the exposure of animals to PCBs in feeds and/or the breeding environment. 26,27 Chicken eggs in particular are an important source of PCBs in the human diet 28,29 and a prior incident in Belgium involving a large number of PCBcontaminated eggs resulted in a worldwide food crisis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the potential hazards that result from the formation and bioaccumulation of OH-PCBs in food items, originating from farmed animals, have not received sufficient attention. As an example, PCB 101 (which is an IN-PCB) is highly abundant in the environment and also appears in the food chain. , PCBs have also been shown to readily accumulate in animal-origin foods via the exposure of animals to PCBs in feeds and/or the breeding environment. , Chicken eggs in particular are an important source of PCBs in the human diet , and a prior incident in Belgium involving a large number of PCB-contaminated eggs resulted in a worldwide food crisis . Among the six IN-PCBs investigated in that case, PCB 101 was the predominant congener found in the contaminated feed as well as in feeds in general .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Hydroxylation Metabolization of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 101 in Laying Hens: A Pilot Study

Wang

Zhao

Cui

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be metabolized into hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) that exhibit greater toxicity than their parent compounds. In particular, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 101) is commonly found in chicken feeds and breeding environments, although information on the biotransformation of this PCB in chickens is lacking. In this study, the hydroxylation metabolization of PCB 101 was assessed based on in vitro trials with Sanhuang chicken liver microsomes and in vivo experiments with Hy-Line Brown hens. The para-substituted metabolite 4′-OH-PCB 101 is the predominant metabolite of PCB 101. 4′-OH-PCB 101 is preferentially retained in the chicken bloodstream and partly distributed into different tissues of laying hens. The blood−brain barrier can effectively prevent the OH-PCB from entering the brain, and the adipose tissue contains a relatively low residue concentration of the OH-PCB. The laying hen can deplete the OH-PCB via laying eggs and excrement. The ratio of 4′-OH-PCB 101/PCB 101 in egg yolk is about 1:2. These results first provide definite evidence for the previous hypothesis of the PCB 101 metabolism by chickens. They could assist in predicting the environmental fate of PCBs, and in the risk assessment of PCBs and OH-PCBs in chicken-based foodstuffs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Hydroxylation Metabolization of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 101 in Laying Hens: A Pilot Study

Wang

Zhao

Cui

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…The profiles of the 17 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin congeners in the excretions exposure media, and these low-chlorinated compounds have been known to disappear rapidly in pigs, probably because of their metabolism (Hoogenboom, Ten Dam, et al, 2021).…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the risk assessment of PCDD/Fs for animal and human health, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recently reduced the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) from 14 to 2 pg WHO-TEQs/kg body weight (bw) per week (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain et al, 2018). It is widely assumed that the primary source of human exposure to PCDD/Fs is the consumption of animal-derived foods (Djien Liem et al, 2000;Sun et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2018), including contaminated fish (Van den Dungen et al, 2016), pork (Hoogenboom, Ten Dam, et al, 2021;Heres et al, 2010), and eggs (R. L. A. C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in the tissues of Yorkshire pig

Zhang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in various foods continuously concern the public. Pork and its byproducts, especially from Yorkshire pigs, are the largest meat food consumed by the general population in China. This study aims to investigate the distribution of PCDD/Fs in different tissues of Yorkshire pigs to understand their bioaccumulation. Yorkshire pigs were fed a known amount of PCDD/Fs through fly ash. PCDD/Fs were determined by isotope dilution method with a gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometer. The liver had the highest concentration levels (2041.33 pg/g lipid) and toxic equivalents values (69.14 pg/g lipid), followed by the spleen and lung, and the lowest ones in the brain. The liver also had the highest bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs, and this level was considerably higher than that of other tissues. This study showed a strong accumulation capacity of the liver for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans under short-term exposure conditions, suggesting that the liver is a more sensitive tissue for monitoring PCDD/Fs in food safety risk monitoring.

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“…PCBs apart from being a direct threat to aquatic species, also impact negatively on terrestrial species. For example, [21] observed hazardous levels of these substances in the Habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis) in Okinawa, Japan while [22] discovered very high levels of PCBs in ruminants on the Island of Curacao, close to Venezuela, which further drives home the menace of PCBs in the environment. According to the Irish Environmental Protection Agency, PCBs persist in the environment because they are dense, extremely stable, nonbiodegradable and resist conventional incineration procedures [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Imported Fish

Wangboje

Okotie

2021

EJFOOD

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which have been described as organohalogenic and legacy contaminants that are hazardous to both wildlife and man. The paucity of ecotoxicological data on the PCB content in commercially important fish in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria, warranted this research. In this stead, the PCB profile in the Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus, Family: Clupeidae, mean length=31.59 cm; Mean weight=274.98 g) marketed in Benin Metropolis, was determined via Gas Chromatographic technique in order to evaluate its suitability for human consumption and to provide baseline data for this contaminant in commercially important fish species. The summary statistics for the mean concentrations of detectable PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.019 mg/kg (PCB 118, 156) to 0.434 mg/kg (PCB 126), with a total of 0.581 mg/kg (w/w) while the mean concentrations of PCBs in C. harengus by market ranged from 0.012 mg/kg (PCB 118) at Santana market to 0.526 mg/kg (PCB 126) at New Benin market with no observed significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean concentrations of PCBs in fish between markets. The toxicity quotient (TQ) values for PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.0095 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.217(PCB 126) while the estimated daily intake (EDI) values in mg/person/day for PCBs ranged from 0.00076 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.017 (PCB 126). A toxic equivalency (TEQ) value of 0.04342 while the total PCB content in C. harengus according to market ranged from 0.469 mg/kg (Santana market) to 0.658 mg/kg (Uselu market). The total toxicity of mixtures (TTM) index was 0.291. The PCB levels in fish decreased below International threshold values suggesting suitability for human consumption. Continous monitoring of this fish species for toxic concentrations of PCBs was proferred.

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High levels of dioxins and PCBs in meat, fat and livers of free ranging pigs, goats, sheep and cows from the island of Curaçao

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Hydroxylation Metabolization of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 101 in Laying Hens: A Pilot Study

Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Hydroxylation Metabolization of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 101 in Laying Hens: A Pilot Study

Distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in the tissues of Yorkshire pig

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Imported Fish

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