2015
DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0592-1
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High mammographic density is associated with an increase in stromal collagen and immune cells within the mammary epithelium

Abstract: IntroductionMammographic density (MD), after adjustment for a women’s age and body mass index, is a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Although the BC risk attributable to increased MD is significant in healthy women, the biological basis of high mammographic density (HMD) causation and how it raises BC risk remain elusive. We assessed the histological and immunohistochemical differences between matched HMD and low mammographic density (LMD) breast tissues from healthy women to define w… Show more

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Cited by 145 publications
(158 citation statements)
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References 110 publications
(124 reference statements)
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“…Additional indirect evidence for immunoregulatory functions of CAFs is suggested by the positive correlations between the high ECM deposition by CAFs, tumor immune cell infiltration, and breast cancer progression in women (72,73). Here, we show for possibly the first time that physiologically activated fibroblasts, weaning-induced involution-fibroblasts, characterized by high ECM production and chemokine secretion, also have immunomodulatory functions.…”
Section: Ly6gmentioning
confidence: 53%
“…Additional indirect evidence for immunoregulatory functions of CAFs is suggested by the positive correlations between the high ECM deposition by CAFs, tumor immune cell infiltration, and breast cancer progression in women (72,73). Here, we show for possibly the first time that physiologically activated fibroblasts, weaning-induced involution-fibroblasts, characterized by high ECM production and chemokine secretion, also have immunomodulatory functions.…”
Section: Ly6gmentioning
confidence: 53%
“…High mammographic density has been associated with greater stromal areas and less adipose areas, compared to low mammographic density; however, findings correlating mammographic density with greater epithelial areas remain conflicting [7][8][9][10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The positive associations of mammographic density with stromal and epithelial tissues have resulted in investigations of cell proliferation markers such as Ki-67, with inconsistent results [7,8,11,12]. Numerous factors that are associated with breast cancer reflect hormonal exposure thus suggesting a hormonally linked reduction in susceptibility to carcinogenesis [13,14].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…For example, IVM demonstrated that fluorescently labelled bisphosphonates, which have been shown to possess anti-tumour activity, were taken up by tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), potentially corrupting their tumourpromoting functions (Junankar et al, 2015). Here IVM identified Imaging of fibrillar collagen in tissues including muscle, skin and tumours (Brown et al, 2003;Campagnola et al, 2002;Koenig and Riemann, 2003;Kular et al, 2015;Plotnikov et al, 2006;Zipfel et al, 2003) Imaging of fibrillar collagen in human breast tissue in relation to mammographic density (Huo et al, 2015), during cancer cell invasion (Andrlová et al, 2017) or anti-cancer drug targeting of the stromal ECM (Chang et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2015;Vennin et al, 2017) Third harmonic generation (THG) Excitation primarily occurs at water-lipid and water-protein interfaces, to provide structural information (e.g. cell morphology and surrounding ECM).…”
Section: Ivm Of the Tumour-associated Immune Systemmentioning
confidence: 97%