High melamine migration in daily-use melamine-made tableware

Chien, Chao-Yi; Wu, Chia-Fang; Liu, Chia-Chu; Chen, Bai-Hsiun; Huang, Shu-Pin; Chou, Yii‐Her; Chang, Ai-Wen; Lee, Hei-Hwa; Pan, Chih-Hong; Wu, Wen‐Jeng; Shen, Jung-Tsung; Chang, Mei-Yu; Huang, Chun‐Hsiung; Shiea, Jentaie; Hsieh, Tusty‐Jiuan; Wu, Ming-Tsang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.128

Cited by 81 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…9,10 These wares are made of a mixture of melamine and formaldehyde that forms a polymer resin. Because of the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration to allow the use of melamine-formaldehyde in the manufacture of food packaging, melamine tableware manufacturing has become a fast-growing business.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Peng

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Information about environmental exposure to melamine and renal injury in adults is lacking. We investigated this relationship in 44 workers at two melamine tableware manufacturing factories in Taiwan (16 manufacturers, eight grinders, ten packers, and ten administrators) and 105 nonexposed workers (controls) at one shipbuilding company who were enrolled in August-December of 2012. For melamine workers, personal and area air samples were obtained at the worksite over 1 workweek (Monday-Friday). In the same week, pre-and post-shift one-spot urine samples were collected each workday and one first-spot urine sample was collected on each weekend morning and the following Monday morning. For each control, a one-spot urine sample was collected on Friday morning. A blood sample was also obtained from each participant at this time. Melamine levels were measured in air, urine, and serum, and early renal injury biomarkers were measured in urine. Urinary melamine concentrations in manufacturers increased sharply between pre-and post-shift measurements on Monday, remained significantly elevated throughout the workweek, and decreased over the weekend; changes in urinary melamine concentrations were substantially lower for other melamine workers. Manufacturers were exposed to the highest concentrations of ambient melamine and had significantly higher urinary and serum melamine concentrations than did the controls (P,0.001). Urinary melamine levels were positively associated with urinary N-acetyl b-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels but not microalbumin levels, and the detectable b2-microglobulin rate increased in the manufacturers group. In conclusion, ambient melamine exposure may increase the levels of urinary biomarkers of renal tubular injury in this occupational setting.

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confidence: 99%

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Peng

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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“…5 However, in this study, along with our previous ones, we reported that environmental melamine exposure from melamine tableware cannot be ignored. 6,7 Thus, the findings of this study have significant impact in the primary prevention of melamine exposure.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…9−11 Our previous study also found that high melamine migration levels, ranging from 6.97 to 19.03 μg/mL, could be measured from all five tested melamine-made cups containing 20 mL 3% acetic acid in a water bath of 90°C for 30 min. 6 The migration of the melamine amount is dependent on different temperatures, contact times, simulant, and the prices of tableware. In a subsequent crossover study, we also found that subjects consuming hot noodle soup served in melamine bowls (compared to those consuming soup served in ceramic bowls) excreted much more melamine (approximately 7 μg in difference) in urine.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3−5 A main source of melamine exposure in modern life is from the popular use of melamine tableware. 6 Our previous crossover study reported that study subjects could excrete a substantial amount of melamine in their urine when they consumed hot soup using melamine tableware. 7 However, to our knowledge, no experimental study had been conducted to provide evidence-based data on how to prevent melamine exposure from melamine tableware in daily life.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware

Chen²

2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study aims to examine whether behavior intervention can decrease total urinary melamine excretion. A total of 16 healthy subjects were recruited from two university buildings (eight subjects each). By using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized and controlled trial design, we randomly assigned eight subjects from the same building to the serial steps of either control-intervention-intervention or control-control-intervention. Each step lasted for 3 days. Subjects in the intervention step carried one bag containing stainless steel tableware as meal boxes and used them for each meal during the trial, whereas those in the control step carried one empty bag. The 24 h urine samples for 9 consecutive days were collected. In the control-intervention-intervention group, after excluding two subjects with missing data, the median absolute difference of the total 3 day melamine excretion between the seventh to the ninth day and from the first to the third day was -19.9 μg (a range from -160.6 to -7.2 μg, p = 0.028, n = 6). The median protection percent of the total 3 day melamine exposure (the amount from the seventh to the ninth day minus the amount from the first to the third day, divided by the amount from the first to the third day) was 68.4%, ranging from 41.8% to 91.8%. Regular use of stainless steel-made meals boxes can mitigate melamine exposure from melamine tableware.

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“…[3][4][5]23 Melamine is also commonly used to manufacture a variety of tableware and was found to leach out when it contacted with hot foods or acid. [24][25][26] Any one or a combination of these sources might contribute to melamine intake in our study population and pose a risk of urolithiasis formation in adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Low exposure to melamine increases the risk of urolithiasis in adults

Liu

Chen

et al. 2011

Kidney International

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Melamine, a widely used chemical found in many products in daily use, became a public health concern due to melamine-associated urinary stone formation in children. In adults, it is still unknown whether low-dose melamine exposure may also cause urolithiasis. To address this question, we studied 211 Taiwanese patients diagnosed with calcium urolithiasis and 211 age- and gender-matched controls. All patients completed a detailed questionnaire and provided blood and urine samples for biochemical analysis. Urinary melamine concentrations were measured by triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with those whose urinary melamine levels were below the detection limit of the method, patients with urinary melamine levels of up to 3.11 ng/ml and those with levels of ≥3.12 ng/ml had 3.01- and 7.64-fold increased risk, respectively, of calcium urolithiasis after adjusting for educational level, fluid intake, cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing, alcohol drinking, urinary uric acid, calcium, creatinine, and estimated creatinine clearance rate. The population attributable risk of calcium urolithiasis averaged 50% when melamine was detected in the urine, after considering other covariates. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry detected melamine in the stones of nine representative patients who had measurable urinary melamine levels. Thus, low-dose melamine exposure can play an important role in calcium urolithiasis in Taiwanese adults.

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High melamine migration in daily-use melamine-made tableware

Cited by 81 publications

References 17 publications

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury

Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware

Low exposure to melamine increases the risk of urolithiasis in adults

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