High-Octane Mid-Level Ethanol Blend Market Assessment

Vehicle Technologies and Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Research and Development Programs Benefits Assessment Report for 2020

“…This study uses the Automotive Deployment Options Projection Tool (ADOPT) to estimate LD VTO and HFTO technology improvement impacts on energy and CO2 emissions benefits. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with support from VTO, HFTO, and the Bioenergy Technologies Office, has developed and applied ADOPT for many similar analyses [1,2,7,8]. Figure 1 shows an overview illustration of how ADOPT operates.…”

Global Ethanol-Blended-Fuel Vehicle Compatibility Study

“…Source of gasoline and ethanol consumption: EIA 2020. Note: Assumes 1 gallon of ethanol can replace 1 gallon of gasoline due to octane-related efficiency improvements (Johnson et al 2015). Also assumes gasoline consumption remains stable with 2018 or 2019 (most recent year for EIA data) for illustration purposes.…”

History of Ethanol Fuel Adoption in the United States: Policy, Economics, and Logistics

“…For example, there are 416 E85 stations in Minnesota, representing a relatively high concentration of these stations compared to the rest of the United States. Market analysts estimate that a fuel needs to be offered at 20% of gasoline stations to bring the inconvenience of a new fuel down to an acceptable level (Johnson et al 2015). Figure 3 shows that the number of E85 stations has been growing since 1992, with two small reductions in 1998 and 2002.…”