High‐Output Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Dual Inductive and Resonance Effects‐Controlled Highly Transparent Polyimide for Self‐Powered Sensor Network Systems

Abstract

Internet of things (IoT), has triggered considerable interest in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as renewable and sustainable power sources, [1][2][3][4] owing to their high output power, [5,6] cost-effectiveness, [7] and high energy conversion efficiency. [8][9][10] The wide-availability and high functionality of TENGs offers itself to several practical applications. [11][12][13][14] Crucial to the successful implementation of TENGs in practical applications is to generate sufficient output power, usually stored in a capacitor or a battery, to operate the devices. [15][16][17][18] Strategies to enhance the output performance of TENGs are generally based on increasing of the transferred charge density between two contacted surfaces, as the electric potential is critically dependent on it. [19][20][21][22] Although the principle of contact-electrification has long been studied, [23][24][25] but whose mechanisms are still unclear. Recently, surface-states and electron cloud/potential models have been employed to explain the contact electrification mechanism. However, these models are limited to metal-semiconductors and metal-insulators, i.e., they may be not currently compatible with metal-polymers. [26,27] Other strategies have relied on the choice of materials in the triboelectric series with electronic and structural modifications, [28] such as a large work-function difference, [29,30] high porosity, [31,32] large dielectric constant, [33][34][35] and large surface roughness. [36][37][38] The maximum charge density of these TENGs in practical environments, however, requires additional processes, such as charges injection and poling process under high electric field. [35,[39][40][41] In particular, the injection process was quite efficient in increasing the charge density because it was considered to be limited by air breakdown. [38] Actually, the dielectric strengths of the polymers are larger than that of the air. The charge density was reached to 260 and 283 µC m −2 in TENGs with single-layered film and multilayered film, respectively. [40,41] Recently, several modifications to amplify the current flowing through the external circuit have been successfully demonstrated. [6,20,42] Metal-dielectric-metal structures or metal-metal contacts have been introduced, proven to increase the charge density of the TENG by several times.Since TENGs are driven by vibrations in the environment and human kinetics, the frequencies of the mechanical forces High-output triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are demonstrated based on polyimide (PI)-based polymers by introducing functionalities (e.g., electronwithdrawing and electron-donating groups) into the backbone. The TENG based on 6FDA-APS PI, possessing the most negative electrostatic potential and the low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, produces the highest effective charge density of about 860 µC m −2 in practical working conditions with the ion injection process. This may be ascribed to the excellent charge-retention characteristics as well as the enh...

Progress inTENGtechnology—A journey from energy harvesting to nanoenergy and nanosystem

“…In practical application, the self-powered sensing system is integrated into an electronic watch, where specific gas is corresponding to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different light colors. 172 Except for gas molecule recognition, TENG could afford the capability for other chemical monitoring. For example, as shown in Figure 5H, Lin's group introduced a micropatterned PDMS based TENG for a self-powered electrochemical sensor, that could detect the lactate concentration in human sweat.…”

“…Reproduced with Permission. Copyright 2019, Wiley‐VCH 172 . H, TENG‐driven electrochemical sensor for lactate detection.…”

“…The self‐powered multiplexed gas sensing array enables the identification of H 2 , CO, and NO 2 via principal component analysis of distinct current signal profiles. In practical application, the self‐powered sensing system is integrated into an electronic watch, where specific gas is corresponding to light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with different light colors 172 …”

High-Performance Triboelectric Devices via Dielectric Polarization: A Review

“…In the development of the IoT industry, electronic devices require miniaturization and multifunctionality, which need high output performances. Although triboelectric devices with high output performances have been developed by employing device structures with combined working modes [63][64][65], it is necessary to enhance the output performance for multiple devices.…”

Advances in self-powered chemical sensingviaa triboelectric nanogenerator

“…123 Below are some typical examples, while more applications are shown in Table 2. Lee et al 124 designed a polymerbased TENG to power a multi-inorganic gas sensor. They focus on 6FDA-APS, an organic material which has high charge density and as a result high output voltage, current, and power.…”