High‐Oxygen‐Balance Furazan Anions: A Good Choice for High‐Performance Energetic Salts

Abstract

3,4-Diaminofurazan was conveniently converted into energetic salts of 3,4-dinitraminofurazan that were paired with nitrogen-rich cations in fewer than three steps. Seven energetic salts were prepared and fully characterized by multinuclear ((1) H, (13) C) NMR and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis. In addition, the structures of the ammonium salt (2), hydrazinium salt (4), hydroxylammonium salt (5), aminoguanidinium salt (7), diaminoguanidinium salt (8) and triaminoguanidinium salt of 3,4-dinitraminofurazan (9) were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The densities of these salts were between 1.673 (8) and 1.791 g cm(-3) (5), whilst their oxygen balances were between -48.20 % (9) and -6.25 % (5). These salts showed high thermal stabilities, with decomposition temperatures between 179 (5) and 283 °C (6). Their sensitivities towards impact and friction were measured by BAM equipment to be between <1 J (9) and >40 J (6-8) and 64 N (9) and >360 N (6), respectively. The detonation performance of these compounds, which was calculated by using the EXPLO5 program, revealed detonation pressures of between 28.0 (6) and 40.5 GPa (5) and detonation velocities of between 8404 (6) and 9407 m s(-1) (5).

Thermally stable energetic salts based on 3-nitramino-4-tetrazolefurazan

“…Additionally, ammonium salt (2) (2) to1040.6 kJ mol -1 (9)]. Their impact sensitivities lie between 5 J (2 and 5) and >40 J (6,7,8) and their friction sensitivities range from 108 N (4) to >360 N (6). Not as we expected, they just show a little lower sensitivities compared with the corresponding DNTF salts.…”

“…6 Additionally, all the NATF salts are more thermally stable than the corresponding DNTF salts. 8 Except for salt 4, all the prepared salts possess the better thermal stability than 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX, …”

“…Their detonation performances are lower than that of the corresponding ATF and DNTF-based energetic salts. 6,8 Compared with the ATF salts, one more cation was introduced into the resulting NATF salts, while only one more nitro group was introduced onto the NATF anion. Finally, the NATF salts possess worse oxygen balance than the corresponding ATF salts, which may be the reason for the lower detonation performances of NATF-based energetic salts compared with the ATF salts.…”

“…It is well known that the introduction of nitramino group is an efficient strategy to improve the density and oxygen balance, which has been applied in developing new energetic salts. 7 The energetic salts based on 3,4-dinitraminofurzan (DNAF) reported by Prof. Shreeve 8 and our group 9 are the nitraminocontaining ones (Figure 1). The DNAF salts show good detonation performances due to the high oxygen balance of the DNAF anion.…”

The Preparation and Characterization of Two Composite Energetic Salts Based on 3,4‐Dinitraminofurazan

“…Considering that the cations in energetic salt have great impact on their properties, we are thinking of that if two different cations can be paired with double negative charged anions to give new energetic salts with mixed cations, which may be a new way to tune the properties of energetic salts. Energetic salts based on 3,4‐dinitraminofurazan (DNAF) have been reported by Shreeve and our group . Herein, the strategy of introducing a second cation to obtain composite energetic salts (CES) was applied in synthesizing new DNAF salts containing hydroxylammonium and ammonium.…”