“…Moreover, the vertically aligned carbon matrix shows the potential to scale up production because it is derived from abundant renewable resources. Other low-tortuous cathodes including acetylene black/LFP, [113][114] carbon nanotube/LFP, [115] graphene quantum dots/FeC 3 , [116] graphene/LiFe 0.7 Mn 0.3 PO 4 nanoplates, [117] carbon nanotube/Se x S 8−x , [118] carbon nanofiber/V 2 O 5 , [119] carbon nanotube/V 2 O 5 , [120] carbon nanotube/MnO 2 , [121] carbon nanotube/ iodine, [122] porous carbon matrix/LiCoO 2 , [123] carbon nanotube/ sulfur, [124][125][126][127][128][129] graphene/VO 2 (B), [97] and graphene/sulfur [130][131] with vertically aligned structures have also been reported with improved electrochemical performance.…”
Figure 1. a) Traditional porous anode of LIBs, b) bare lithium anode, c) 3D porous lithium anode, and d) vertically aligned lithium anode of LMBs with corresponding schematics of conductive pathways of lithium ions.
“…Moreover, the vertically aligned carbon matrix shows the potential to scale up production because it is derived from abundant renewable resources. Other low-tortuous cathodes including acetylene black/LFP, [113][114] carbon nanotube/LFP, [115] graphene quantum dots/FeC 3 , [116] graphene/LiFe 0.7 Mn 0.3 PO 4 nanoplates, [117] carbon nanotube/Se x S 8−x , [118] carbon nanofiber/V 2 O 5 , [119] carbon nanotube/V 2 O 5 , [120] carbon nanotube/MnO 2 , [121] carbon nanotube/ iodine, [122] porous carbon matrix/LiCoO 2 , [123] carbon nanotube/ sulfur, [124][125][126][127][128][129] graphene/VO 2 (B), [97] and graphene/sulfur [130][131] with vertically aligned structures have also been reported with improved electrochemical performance.…”
Figure 1. a) Traditional porous anode of LIBs, b) bare lithium anode, c) 3D porous lithium anode, and d) vertically aligned lithium anode of LMBs with corresponding schematics of conductive pathways of lithium ions.
“…[116] Figure 14: Peukert plot of representative thin film cathode electrodes modified with approaches A1, A2, B, C1, and C2 [37, 41, 53, 60, 78, 81-83, 89-91, 97, 105, 106, 115, 116, 124]. 16 Research…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, olivine-type LiFePO 4 has excellent structural stability but suffers sluggish kinetics [4], the layered-type LiCoO 2 has low thermal stability and spineltype LiMn 2 O 4 suffers from bad cycling performance [5][6][7][8]. Efforts have been devoted to solve these issues, such as carbon coating [9][10][11], reduced particle dimensions [12], elemental dopings [13], modified chemistry [14], composite design [15], and nanostructure designs [16]. However, most of these works were performed using classical thick film electrodes processed by slurry-based approaches, which contain inactive materials that decrease the energy density of the cells and complicate the fundamental studies.…”
Binder-free thin film cathodes have become a critical basis for advanced high-performance lithium ion batteries for lightweight device applications such as all-solid-state batteries, portable electronics, and flexible electronics. However, these thin film electrodes generally require modifications to improve the electrochemical performance. This overview summarizes the current modification approaches on thin film cathodes, where the approaches can be classified as single-phase nanostructure designs and multiphase nanocomposite designs. Recent representative advancements of different modification approaches are also highlighted. Besides, this review discusses the existing challenges regarding the thin film cathodes. The review also discusses the future research directions and needs towards future advancement in thin film cathode designs for energy storage needs in advanced portable and personal electronics.
“…For example, Sander et al [13] proposed a magnetic templating method that was able to magnetically align a sacrificial magnetic phase to obtain low tortuosity electrodes with aligned pores. Other structural templates such as natural wood and ice crystals have also been reported [14,15]. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) carbon frameworks made from CNTs, carbon nanofibers, and/or graphene nanosheets were also prepared as conductive 3D scaffolds for the loading of active materials to offer highly efficient charge delivery even in thick electrodes [4,5,16].…”
Three-dimensional (3D) grid porous electrodes introduce vertically aligned pores as a convenient path for the transport of lithium-ions (Li-ions), thereby reducing the total transport distance of Li-ions and improving the reaction kinetics. Although there have been other studies focusing on 3D electrodes fabricated by 3D printing, there still exists a gap between electrode design and their electrochemical performance. In this study, we try to bridge this gap through a comprehensive investigation on the effects of various electrode parameters including the electrode porosity, active material particle diameter, electrode electronic conductivity, electrode thickness, line width, and pore size on the electrochemical performance. Both numerical simulations and experimental investigations are conducted to systematically examine these effects. 3D grid porous Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thick electrodes are fabricated by low temperature direct writing technology and the electrodes with the thickness of 1085 µm and areal mass loading of 39.44 mg·cm−2 are obtained. The electrodes display impressive electrochemical performance with the areal capacity of 5.88 mAh·cm−2@1.0 C, areal energy density of 28.95 J·cm−2@1.0 C, and areal power density of 8.04 mW·cm−2@1.0 C. This study can provide design guidelines for obtaining 3D grid porous electrodes with superior electrochemical performance.
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