High performance Ge nanowire anode sheathed with carbon for lithium rechargeable batteries

Seo, Min‐Ho; Park, Mi-Hee; Lee, Kyu‐Tae; Kim, Kitae; Kim, Je Young; Cho, Jaephil

doi:10.1039/c0ee00552e

Cited by 273 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…There are four peaks detected in the range between 0.7 and 0.1 V, which can be related to the different LixGe alloys formed via lithium alloying reactions, [2,13,26] while the peaks between 0.25 and 0.75 V in the oxidation scan can be associated with the de-alloying reactions, where lithium is extracted from the Li-Ge alloys to eventually form germanium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, germanium-based materials with unique nanostructures, such as nanowires, [12,13] nanotubes, [3] and/or carbonaceous support materials, presented various attractive features as advanced electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Furthermore, strategies directed towards the synthesis of porous [10] or mesoporous [14] structures have been applied to fully realize the good electrochemical properties of germanium due to the facilitated lithium diffusion and increased active area between the electrode materials and electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been widely accepted that carbon coating is the simplest and most effective approach to improve the electrochemical performance of germanium, which can be ascribed to its effects towards suppressing the volume changes and particle agglomeration, and enhancing electrical conductivity. [9][10][11]13] A series of germanium-based materials have been synthesized by a facile method of carbon coating and reduction of germanium oxide precursor that was developed in our previous research. [2,15,16] We found that small particle size, and continuous and robust carbon coatings have significant effects that promote excellent electrochemical properties in germanium anode materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Strategy for Achieving a High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries—Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanoboxes

Wang

Liu

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

116

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A novel strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of a germanium anode is proposed via encapsulating germanium nanoparticles in carbon nanoboxes by carbon coating the precursor, germanium dioxide cubes, and then subjecting them to a reduction treatment. The complete and robust carbon boxes are shown to not only provide extra void space for the expansion of germanium nanoparticles after lithium insertion but also offer a large reactive area and reduced distance for the lithium diffusion. Furthermore, the thus-obtained composite, composed of densely stacked carbon nanoboxes encapsulating germanium nanoparticles (germanium at carbon cubes (Ge at CC)), exhibits a high tap density and improved electronic conductivity. Compared to carbon-coated germanium bulks, the Ge at CC material shows excellent electrochemical properties in terms of both rate capability and cycling stability, due to the unique cubic coreshell structure and the effective carbon coating, so that the Ge at CC electrode delivers ≈497 mA h g-1 at a current rate of 30 C and shows excellent cycling stability of 1065.2 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C for over 500 cycles. AbstractA novel strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of germanium anode is proposed in this paper via encapsulating germanium nanoparticles in carbon nanoboxes by carbon coating the precursor, germanium dioxide cubes, and then subjecting them to a reduction treatment. The complete and robust carbon boxes are shown to not only provide extra void space for the expansion of germanium nanoparticles after lithium insertion, but also offer a large reactive area and reduced distance for the lithium diffusion. Furthermore, the thus-obtained composite, composed of densely stacked carbon nanoboxes encapsulating germanium nanoparticles (Ge@CC), exhibits a high tap density and improved electronic conductivity. Compared to carbon-coated germanium bulks, the Ge@CC material shows excellent electrochemical properties in terms of both rate capability and cycling stability, due to the unique cubic core-shell structure and the effective carbon coating, so that the Ge@CC electrode delivers about 497 mA h g -1 at a current rate of 30 C and shows excellent cycling stability of 1065.2 mA h g -1 at 0.5 C for over 500 cycles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Strategy for Achieving a High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries—Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanoboxes

Wang

Liu

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

116

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“…Treatments may include etching GeOx with HF, followed by the addition of protective organic layers, which was shown to prevent surface re-oxidation [60]. Ge nanowires surrounded by an amorphous carbon sheath offered high capacity and Coulombic efficiencies exceeding 90%, even at a high C-rate [61]. Carbon coating is suggested as a means to restrict surface re-oxidation, in addition to providing a buffer matrix for the volumetric changes induced on alloying.…”

Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

et al. 2013

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Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. Rights © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin ABSTRACTThe performance of the lithium-ion cell is heavily dependent on the ability of the host electrodes to accommodate and release Li + ions from the local structure. While the choice of electrode materials may define parameters such as cell potential and capacity, the process of intercalation may be physically limited by the rate of solid-state Li + diffusion. Increased diffusion rates in lithium-ion electrodes may be achieved through a reduction in the diffusion path, accomplished by a scaling of the respective electrode dimensions.In addition, some electrodes may undergo large volume changes associated with charging and discharging, the strain of which, may be better accommodated through nanostructuring. Failure of the host to accommodate such volume changes may lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid loss of capacity. In this review article, we seek to highlight a number of significant gains in the development of nanostructured lithium-ion battery architectures (both anode and cathode), as drivers of potential next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

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“…Such an abundant supply of active material (sodium dissolved in seawater) enables the use of various alloying-anode materials, such as Si, Sn or Ge, overcoming the limitation introduced by the irreversibility of the first and, to a lesser extent, subsequent alloying processes. 12 Si, Sn and Ge anode materials, in fact, provide high theoretical and practical capacities but are affected by high Coulombic irreversibility (also caused by continuous solid-electrolyte interface-layer growth owing to particle fracturing), which makes their use in conventional Li-ion batteries unfeasible. In fact, when lithium transition-metal oxides, such as LiCoO 2 , are used as the cathode and source of lithium ions in combination with these alloying anodes, the low Coulombic efficiency of the latter results in the reduced lifetime of the lithium-ion full cell owing to the limited supply of alkali ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable-hybrid-seawater fuel cell

et al. 2014

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A novel energy conversion and storage system using seawater as a cathode is proposed herein. This system is an intermediate between a battery and a fuel cell, and is accordingly referred to as a hybrid fuel cell. The circulating seawater in this opencathode system results in a continuous supply of sodium ions, which gives this system superior cycling stability that allows the application of various alternative anodes to sodium metal by compensating for irreversible charge losses. Indeed, hard carbon and Sn-C nanocomposite electrodes were successfully applied as anode materials in this hybrid-seawater fuel cell, yielding highly stable cycling performance and reversible capacities exceeding 110 mAh g − 1 and 300 mAh g − 1 , respectively. NPG Asia Materials (2014) 6, e144; doi:10.1038/am.2014.106; published online 21 November 2014 INTRODUCTIONThe shift toward sustainable energy is one of the key challenges faced by the modern society and an important part of science and technology development. The performance of sustainable energy technologies must be improved to enable the more efficient utilization of intermittent-renewable electricity sources. In addition, because of the climate change, that is, global warming, because of carbon dioxide emissions, 1-3 investment is needed in renewable energy sources for electricity generation and transport. Both aims rely on the development of energy storage devices that can balance intermittent supply with consumer demands. Among the various energy conversion and storage systems, rechargeable batteries are attracting substantial attention. In particular, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are considered a promising power source for hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles because of their high power and energy density. 4 However, the continuous growth of the lithium-battery market might induce a lack of resources such as lithium and cobalt. Thus, scientists from several countries have started to explore battery technologies that use alternatives to lithium, such as sodium or magnesium. 5,6 Among these alternatives, sodium possesses several advantages, such as low cost and natural abundance. In principle, the reversible storage mechanisms for sodium ions are very similar to those for lithium ions. In addition, the voltage and cycling stability of sodium-ion batteries are competitive with those of lithium-ion batteries.The same trend is indeed observed for new battery chemistries that utilize oxygen as the active cathode species; sodium has recently attracted attention as a replacement for lithium in these alkali-metalair batteries. 7-11 Such batteries are promising energy storage systems that provide very high theoretical energy densities; however, the use of pure alkali metals (both Li and Na) as anodes create safety and cost

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High performance Ge nanowire anode sheathed with carbon for lithium rechargeable batteries

Cited by 273 publications

References 43 publications

A New Strategy for Achieving a High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries—Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanoboxes

A New Strategy for Achieving a High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries—Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanoboxes

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

Rechargeable-hybrid-seawater fuel cell

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