Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a prevalent cocatalyst
for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation with iron-based materials.
The contribution of molybdenum atoms in cocatalyst MoS2 to iron regeneration during PMS activation has been broadly known,
though the role of sulfur atoms remains explored. Here, we applied
a one-step, facile means to prepare particulate Fe3O4 supported by wrinkled MoS2 with discernible sulfur
vacancies (SV), forming a flower-like Fe3O4–MoS2 composite catalyst. We demonstrated,
for the first time, a strong affinity of SV to PMS, facilitating
the formation of an intermediate FeIII–PMS* while
modulating the generation of pivotal nonradical species. Using an
extensive characterization, we confirmed the simultaneous generation
of high-valent iron-oxo species (FeIVO)
and singlet oxygen (1O2) during PMS activation
with the Fe3O4–MoS2 catalysts.
In addition, we proposed that the FeIVO
stemmed from the FeIII–PMS* precursor, which underwent
heterolytic cleavage of the O–O bonds and concomitant rearrangement
of oxygen atoms. Meanwhile, 1O2 is excited by
PMS and formed by active oxygen (O*) liberated from iron oxides. Consequently,
the Fe3O4–MoS2 catalysts showed
impressive performance in removing typical micropollutants from real
water sources, such as secondary effluent from wastewater treatment
plants, tap water, and surface water stream. Our study provides new
insights into a nonradical pathway for PMS activation with Sv-containing
MoS2, clearing the way for developing high-performance
MoS2 catalysts for water decontamination.