High-performance thin-layer chromatography/desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging of the crude extract from the peels of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae )

Abstract

HPTLC/DESI-MS imaging is a relatively fast, versatile, and efficient technique for natural product analysis, since many more ions are observed than with the direct infusion ESI-MS. The MS/MS technique provided information about the component structures, revealing the presence of important bioactive components. The application of DESI-MS imaging may contribute to the improvement identification and characterization of pharmacologically active compounds in phytochemistry.

Analysis of pharmaceutical products and herbal medicines using ambient mass spectrometry

“…Flavonoids are generally moderately polar compounds, and both ESI-and APCI-based ambient ionization techniques are favorable for their analysis. For example, rutin in Hypericum perforatum [59] and 16 flavonoids from Citrus aurantium L. [64] were detected and identified by DESI-MS; baicalein and wogonin from Radix Scutellariae were rapidly characterized by DART-MS [82]; six flavonoids (i.e., Z-4,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone, sophoraflavanone, norkurarinone, kurarinone, kushenol L, and kushenol I) in Sophora flavescens roots and three flavonoids (i.e., baicalein, baicalin, and wogonoside) from Radix Scutellariae was detected by field-induced DI-MS [132]; baicalein, wogonin, baicalin, and wogonoside present in herbal products of SHL oral liquid [128,129,132], QKL oral liquid and granule [131,132], and YH granule [132] have been readily detected by (field-induced) wooden-tip ESI-MS; and 11 flavonoids from French marigold (Tagetes patula) were identified by LAESI-MS [137].…”

“…Analysis of diterpenoids in the acetone Page 7 of 55 extract of Salvia divinorum leaves was also achieved by TLC-DESI-MS [49]. Coupling high performance TLC to DESI-MS was developed by Bagatela et al [64] for molecular imaging of phytochemicals present in the crude extract of Citrus aurantium L. peels.…”

“…For instance, DESI-MS was performed to analyze isomeranzin in Citrus aurantium L. [64]; and DART-MS was applied for analysis of various coumarin compounds in herbal medicines of Angelica tenuissima, Angelica gigas, Angelica dahurica, Cnidium officinale [78], Angelica gigas roots [79], Erycibe obtusifolia [83], and Angelicae gigantis radix [93].…”

Mass Spectrometry Imaging: A Review of Emerging Advancements and Future Insights

“…36 Because of their structure, metabolites can have poor ionization efficiency, which has prompted the development of many derivatization schemes to increase access to metabolites in samples. 28,31,53 Just like lipids, a wide variety of ionization techniques lends well to metabolites, including MALDI, 12,14,20,28,29,31,36,137,233–236 DESI, 2,218,237 and LAESI, 69 although, based upon citations alone, MALDI is by far the most popular. This is actually surprising, as most matrixes used for MALDI analysis are small organic compounds, meaning they can have their own interfering ions in the metabolite mass range at high concentrations, masking some possible signals of interest.…”

Rapid discrimination of human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma by mass spectrometry based on differences in amino acid metabolism

“…To overcome the shortcomings of frozen-section histology, a series of analytical methods have been gradually developed and established. These include desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) 16–18 , matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) 19–21 , rapid evaporative ionization-mass spectrometry (REIMS) 6, 7, 22 , and tip-spray ionization-mass spectrometry (TSI-MS) 23 . Although DESI-MSI and MALDI-MSI are more efficient than frozen-section histology, they are time-consuming methods due to the sampling, sectioning, and imaging processes.…”