High-pressure liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection method for monitoring MDA and MDMA in whole blood and other biological tissues

Michel, Robert E.; Rege, Arvind B.; George, William J.

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(93)90056-w

Cited by 33 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The enantiomers of MDA, MDMA, MDEA, AMP, and MAMP were reported to be determined simultaneously in human urine using liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization with trifluoroacetyl-l-propyl chloride (I-TPC) and analysis by GC-MS (33). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical, UV, or diode-array detection (DAD) has been used for the detection of MDMA in biological specimens (14,19,32,(35)(36)(37). GC-MS analysis is highly specific and is used for the confirmation of positive immunoassay results or a suspected diagnosis.…”

Section: Abstract I Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiles of Urine Samples Taken from Ecstasy Users at Rave Parties: Analysis by Immunoassays, HPLC, and GC-MS

Zhao¹,

Brenneisen²,

Scholer³

et al. 2001

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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The abuse of the designer amphetamines such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) is increasing throughout the world. They have become popular drugs, especially at all-night techno dance parties (Raves), and their detection is becoming an important issue. Presently, there are no MDMA- or MDA-specific immunoassays on the market, and detection of the designer amphetamines is dependent upon the use of commercially available amphetamine assays. The success of this approach has been difficult to assess because of the general unavailability of significant numbers of samples from known drug users. The objectives of the present study are to characterize the drug content of urine samples from admitted Ecstasy users by chromatographic methods and to assess the ability of the available amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassays to detect methylenedioxyamphetamines. We found that, when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), 64% of 70 urine samples (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]: 88% of 64 urine samples) obtained from Rave attendees contained MDMA and/or 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) alone or in combination with amphetamine, methamphetamine, or other designer amphetamines such as 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA). This suggests that the majority of the Ravers are multidrug users. At the manufacturer's suggested cutoffs, the Abbott TDx Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II and the new Roche HS Amphetamine/MDMA assays demonstrated greater detection sensitivity for MDMA than the other amphetamine immunoassays tested (Abuscreen OnLine Hitachi AMPS, Abuscreen OnLine Integra AMPS, Abuscreen OnLine Integra AMPSX, CEDIA AMPS, and EMIT II AMPS). There is 100% agreement between each of the two immunoassays with the reference chromatographic methods, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS, for the detection of methylenedioxyamphetamines.

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Section: Abstract I Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiles of Urine Samples Taken from Ecstasy Users at Rave Parties: Analysis by Immunoassays, HPLC, and GC-MS

Zhao¹,

Brenneisen²,

Scholer³

et al. 2001

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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show abstract

“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical (32,33), UV (34), or diode array detection (DAD) (35) and gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) (36) or mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS-MS, GC-MS-MS-MS) (32,(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44) have been used for the detection of MDMA in biological specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS

Helmlin

Bracher

Bourquin

et al. 1996

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

133

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In Europe, the compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy, Adam), in addition to cannabis, is the most abused illicit drug at all-night "techno" parties. Methods for the determination of MDMA and its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 3,4-dihydroxy-methamphetamine (HHMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), and 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA), in biological fluids were established. Plasma and urine samples were collected from two patients in a controlled clinical study over periods of 9 and 22 h, respectively. MDMA and MDA were determined in plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) after solid-phase extraction on cation-exchange columns. Acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis was necessary to detect HMMA, HMA, HHMA, and HHA, which are mainly excreted as glucuronides. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for confirmation. Sample extraction and on-disc derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) were performed on Toxi-Lab SPEC solid-phase extraction concentrators. After administration of a single oral dose of 1.5 mg/kg body weight MDMA, peak plasma levels of 331 ng/ml MDMA and 15 ng/mL MDA were measured after 2 h and 6.3 h, respectively. Peak concentrations of 28.1 micrograms/mL MDMA in urine appeared after 21.5 h. Up to 2.3 micrograms/mL MDA, 35.1 micrograms/mL HMMA, and 2.1 micrograms/mL HMA were measured within 16-21.5 h. Conjugated HMMA and HHMA are the main urinary metabolites of MDMA.

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“…The MDMA and MDA concentrations in the brain samples were determined using the method described earlier for determining neurotransmitter concentrations. The MDMA and MDA concentrations in the blood sample were determined using a previously published method (Michel, Rege & George 1993), with the HPLC system used the same as that for brain analyses but with a potential of 1.2 V and a range of 20 nA, detector housed at 25°C. The mobile phase was composed of: sodium acetate 0.1 M and 12.5% methanol, pH 4.25.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in a rat model of depression

et al. 2010

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is associated with increases in core body temperature (T(C)) and depressive mood states in users. Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats represent a rat model of depression originally bred from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. They are more sensitive to both muscarinic and serotonergic agonists and have altered thermoregulatory responses to various drugs. To examine the link between MDMA and depression, eight FSL and eight SD rats were administered saline and 5 and 7.5 mg/kg MDMA. Immediately following administration, rats were confined to an area with an ambient temperature (T(A)) of 30 ± 1°C for 30 minutes before being allowed access to a thermal gradient for four hours. The brains were removed one week after final dose of MDMA and concentrations of serotonin and dopamine were measured. Treatment with MDMA at both doses led to a higher T(C) in the FSL rats than the SD rats at high T(A) (P < 0.01). Fatalities due to hyperthermia occurred in the FSL rats after both doses, whereas all but one of the SD rats recovered well. Heart rate was also much higher after MDMA in the FSL rats throughout the experiments. The FSL rats showed significant decreases in all transmitters measured (P < 0.05). These differences between strains were not accounted for by altered blood or brain concentrations of MDMA. The results indicate that the FSL rats may be more susceptible to developing MDMA-induced hyperthermia and possible damage to the brain. These findings may be of importance to human users of MDMA who also have depression.

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High-pressure liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection method for monitoring MDA and MDMA in whole blood and other biological tissues

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Profiles of Urine Samples Taken from Ecstasy Users at Rave Parties: Analysis by Immunoassays, HPLC, and GC-MS

Profiles of Urine Samples Taken from Ecstasy Users at Rave Parties: Analysis by Immunoassays, HPLC, and GC-MS

Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS

Increased effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in a rat model of depression

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