High Prevalence of Abnormal Ocular Surface Tests in a Healthy Pediatric Population

Rojas-Carabali, William; Uribe-Reina, Pilar; Muñoz-Ortíz, Juliana; Terreros-Dorado, Juan Pablo; Ruiz-Botero, María Eugenia; Torres-Arias, Nicolás; Reyes-Guanes, Juliana; Zarante, Alejandra Rodriguez; Arteaga-Rivera, José Y.; Mosos, Camilo; Gutiérrez, Ángela M.; Molano-González, Nicolas; Marroquín, Guillermo; de-la-Torre, Alejandra

doi:10.2147/opth.s266261

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The relationship between digital screen time and dry eye has already been described in both adults and children, as well as before the global COVID-19 pandemic 47–50. Changes in blinking dynamics and ocular surface abnormalities are some of the consequences that arise from intense screen exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children’s visual health: a systematic review

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesIncreased exposure to digital devices as part of online classes increases susceptibility to visual impairments, particularly among school students taught using e-learning strategies. This study aimed to identify the impact of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children’s visual health.DesignSystematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Data sourcesScopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases from the year 2020 onwards.Eligibility criteriaWe included cross-sectional, case–control, cohort studies, case series and case reports, published in English, Spanish or French, that approached the effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in neurotypical children.Data extraction and synthesisWe included a total of 21 articles with previous quality assessments using the Joanna Briggs checklist. Risk of bias assessment was applied using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for before-and-after studies with no control group; the tool developed by Hoy et al to assess cross-sectional studies; the Murad et al tool to evaluate the methodological quality of case reports and case series; and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.ResultsAll but one study reported a deleterious impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in children. Overall, the most frequently identified ocular effects were refractive errors, accommodation disturbances and visual symptoms such as dry eye and asthenopia.ConclusionsIncreased dependence on digital devices for online classes has either induced or exacerbated visual disturbances, such as rapid progression of myopia, dry eye and visual fatigue symptoms, and vergence and accommodation disturbances, in children who engaged in remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022307107.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children’s visual health: a systematic review

et al. 2022

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“…Bartlett et al reported a poor relationship between dry eye symptoms and signs [ 19 ]. In a study for dry eye tests in a healthy pediatric population, all participants had at least one abnormal result, and one-third of them were diagnosed with DED [ 20 ]. Results may vary, as not all epidemiological studies evaluate both dry eye symptoms and diagnostic tests together.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results may vary, as not all epidemiological studies evaluate both dry eye symptoms and diagnostic tests together. In studies evaluating the relationship between screen use and DED specifically, a correlation was found between signs and symptoms [ 3 , 20 , 21 ]. In a study conducted in Korea, it was emphasized that there is a strong relationship between smartphone use and DED in the pediatric population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They observed that punctate epitheliopathy findings regressed and the OSDI score decreased when the smartphone use was restricted for 4 weeks. Important results have also been obtained in the pediatric population with the OSDI questionnaire, which is effective and recommended by the TFOS DEWS II for the diagnosis of DED in adults [ 3 , 20 ]. We also observed the correlation between clinical findings and symptoms by including only the cases who applied to our clinic with dry eye symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship of distance learning with ocular surface disorders in students in the COVID-19 pandemic

Uzun¹,

Topcu

2022

Int Ophthalmol

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“…The adults and children OSM analysis has been a subject of study for several years [31,32]. The microbiota variation over time is a key factor in understanding possible connections between dysbiosis and the onset of related ocular surface diseases [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns

Petrillo

Marrapodi

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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The ocular microbiome is of fundamental importance for immune eye homeostasis, and its alteration would lead to an impairment of ocular functionality. Little evidence is reported on the composition of the ocular microbiota of term infants and on the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: A total of 20 conjunctival swabs were collected from newborns at birth and after antibiotic treatment. Samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing via system MiSeq Illumina. The data were processed with the MicrobAT software and statistical analysis were performed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis with gentamicin altered the composition of the microbiota. In detail, a 1.5- and 2.01-fold reduction was recorded for Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Massilia timonae (M. timonae), respectively, whereas an increase in Staphylococcus spp. of 6.5 times occurred after antibiotic exposure. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis altered the ocular microbiota whose understanding could avoid adverse effects on eye health.

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High Prevalence of Abnormal Ocular Surface Tests in a Healthy Pediatric Population

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children’s visual health: a systematic review

Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children’s visual health: a systematic review

The relationship of distance learning with ocular surface disorders in students in the COVID-19 pandemic

Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns

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