High prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense within flocks of pet birds

Schmitz, Anna; Korbel, Rüdiger; Thiel, Susanne; Wörle, Barbara; Gohl, Christine; Rinder, Monika

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.026

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…genavense, on the other hand, was not present in any of the Anseriformes, but was identified in 79% of the passerine cases (perching birds), which spend comparatively more time in arboreal habitats. Less is known about the natural habitat and reservoirs of M. genavense, although it has been found in tap water [44] and is generally described as having environmental or avian reservoirs [44], where it has commonly been identified in Psittacines and other pet birds as well as various zoo birds [37,38,41,67].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate disease transmission in a large, dynamic population: A study of avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds

et al. 2021

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This study combined a social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to test for general patterns of contagious spread of a mycobacterial infection for which pathways of disease acquisition are not well understood. Our population included 275 cases diagnosed with avian mycobacteriosis that were nested in a source population of 16,430 birds at San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance facilities from 1992 through mid-2014. Mycobacteria species were determined using conventional methods and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Mycobacterium avium avium (MAA) and Mycobacterium genavense were the most common species of mycobacteria identified and were present in different proportions across bird taxa. A social network for the birds was constructed from the source population to identify directly and indirectly connected cases during time periods relevant to disease transmission. Associations between network connectivity and genetic similarity of mycobacteria (as determined by clusters of genotypes separated by few single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) were then evaluated in observed and randomly generated network permutations. Findings showed that some genotypes clustered along pathways of bird connectivity, while others were dispersed throughout the network. The proportion of directly connected birds having a similar mycobacterial genotype was 0.36 and significant (p<0.05). This proportion was higher (0.58) and significant for MAA but not for M. genavense. Evaluations of SNP distributions also showed genotypes of MAA were more related in connected birds than expected by chance; however, no significant patterns of genetic relatedness were identified for M. genavense, although data were sparse. Integrating the WGS analysis of mycobacteria with a social network analysis of their host birds revealed significant genetic clustering along pathways of connectivity, namely for MAA. These findings are consistent with a contagious process occurring in some, but not all, case clusters.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate disease transmission in a large, dynamic population: A study of avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds

et al. 2021

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“…Anahtar sözcükler: Dışkı, kuş, mikobakteriyozis, Mycobacterium genavense Avian tuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease in cages, exotic, zoo and wild birds in the world. In recent years, for exotic birds, Mycobacterium genavense has been reported as agent of tuberculosis (2,12,16,17,18,20,22). M. genavense, in bird species, especially avian Passeriformes and Psittaciformes, described as the most frequent etiologic agent of avian tuberculosis (4,14).…”

Section: Kafes Kuşu Dışkı öRneklerinde Mycobacterium Genavense Dna'sının Pzr Ile Saptanmasımentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feces of infected birds are one of the important source for infection. In intensive breeding, stool contains a large number of bacteria for bird to bird contact (9,16,20). People may inhale the bacteria as a result of direct contact with infected birds (9,10).…”

Section: Kafes Kuşu Dışkı öRneklerinde Mycobacterium Genavense Dna'sının Pzr Ile Saptanmasımentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR detection of Mycobacterium genavense DNA in fecal samples of caged birds

Babacan

Baş

Sareyyüpoğlu

2020

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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In this study, pathogenic mycobacteria were investigated in fecal samples of caged birds by PCR. A total of 47 feces samples collected from 4 different aviaries in Ankara. DNA extraction from fecal samples was performed with a commercial kit using spin column technology. PCR was performed with designed primers respectively amplifying 274 base pairs (bp), 128 bp, 102 bp and 219 bp nucleotide sequences of specific genes (16SrRNA, ISI245, IS901 and hypothetical 21kDa protein gene) of Mycobacterium spp., Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium avium subsp. Avium and Mycobacterium genavense, respectively. Five samples were positive and harbored the sequence for the Mycobacterium spp., of 4 of these 5 samples was identified as M. genavense by PCR. As a conclusion of this study, which is the first announcement of the detection of M. genavense DNA in fecal samples of caged birds in Turkey, PCR was seen to be a rapid, sensitive, and a reliable method in detection of avian mycobacteriosis.

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“…Therefore, M. genavense has been described as a fastidious organism (6), and is a difficult one to culture; PCR tests are the preferred method of diagnosis of this pathogen (5,17,30,31). Since the 1990s, when this bacterium was first detected, there have been numerous reports of its occurrence in Passeriformes, which show that M. genavense is a serious problem in those birds kept in captivity (23,27,30). Studies conducted by Schmitz et al (30) in flocks of pet birds using the qPCR method showed the prevalence of M. genavense in post-mortem studies as ranging from 3% to 91%, depending on the flock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1990s, when this bacterium was first detected, there have been numerous reports of its occurrence in Passeriformes, which show that M. genavense is a serious problem in those birds kept in captivity (23,27,30). Studies conducted by Schmitz et al (30) in flocks of pet birds using the qPCR method showed the prevalence of M. genavense in post-mortem studies as ranging from 3% to 91%, depending on the flock. The faecal-oral route is suspected as the route of infection with M. genavense (19), but the inhalation route cannot be excluded (22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitored therapy of sporadic mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata)

Ledwoń

Dolka

Adamczyk

et al. 2021

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Mycobacteriosis is a significant disease of companion and wild birds which causes emaciation and widely distributed lesions, as well as being a potential zoonosis. Its primary aetiological agents in birds are Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and the fastidious Mycobacterium genavense. This study monitored the therapy of birds naturally infected with Mycobacterium genavense to gain understanding of its effectiveness and the interrelation of co-infections with the disease course and pharmacotherapy. Material and Methods Five Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and one Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata) with tentative diagnoses of mycobacteriosis resulting from M. genavense infection were treated twice daily with clarithromycin at 40 mg/kg, ethambutol at 30 mg/kg, and moxifloxacin at 10 mg/kg for 6 months. Two canaries were also found to be carriers of Cryptosporidium galli. Mycobacteria in faecal samples of all birds were investigated by bacterioscopy and quantitative PCR. Results Molecular tests yielded positive results for up to four months after treatment initiation for M. genavense and Cryptosporidium, but microscopy failed to detect the latter after four weeks in specimens from one canary. Co-infections with polyomavirus (in all birds) and circovirus and bornavirus (in canaries) were diagnosed. Two birds died during treatment and one was euthanised because of other disease, 1 month after treatment completion. Three canaries were in relatively good health a year after treatment. Conclusion Canary circovirus and polyomavirus co-infection may suppress the immune system and this may facilitate the development of mycobacteriosis. The set of drugs used led to the complete cure of mycobacteriosis in three canaries. In one bird the disease returned. Clarithromycin was the active drug against C. galli. Molecular methods serve well to monitor mycobacteriosis therapy and identify M. genavense and C. galli carriage.

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High prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense within flocks of pet birds

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate disease transmission in a large, dynamic population: A study of avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds

Social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate disease transmission in a large, dynamic population: A study of avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds

PCR detection of Mycobacterium genavense DNA in fecal samples of caged birds

Monitored therapy of sporadic mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata)

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