High Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Superantigens in Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates

Fischer, Anthony J.; Kilgore, Samuel H.; Singh, Sunil; Allen, Patrick D.; Hansen, Alexis; Limoli, Dominique H.; Schlievert, Patrick M.

doi:10.3390/genes10121036

Cited by 31 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The superantigens induce T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells causing massive cytokine production, with lethal effects dependent on direct toxic and cytokine effects on the cardiovascular system 57 . Recent studies showed that egc -clustered enterotoxins are the most prevalent virulence factors in S. aureus isolated nowadays 27 , 46 , 58 . However, longitudinal studies are needed to better elucidate the role of locus egc in oral S. aureus strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of egc-positive major clones ST 45, 30 and 22 among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible oral Staphylococcus aureus strains

Kwapisz

Garbacz

Kosecka-Strojek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The oral cavity may comprise a significant reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus but the data on molecular epidemiology and clonal distribution of oral strains are really scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the clonal relatedness in S. aureus isolated from oral cavity and their relationship with carriage of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 139 oral S. aureus isolates were obtained from 2327 analysed oral samples of dental patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Isolates were characterized using protein A gene (spa) typing, spa-CC clonal complexes, toxin genes and SCCmec typing for MRSA. High resistance rates for penicillin, tetracycline and gentamicin were detected, respectively 58.3%, 42.4%, and 35.2%. Twelve (8.6%) S. aureus isolates were identified as MRSA. All of MRSA isolates were mecA-positive and mecC-negative. SCCmec IV was the most common type (66.7%), which was typical for community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). Overall, the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) was the most frequent detected virulence factor (44.9%), both in MSSA and MRSA isolates. Presence of genes encoding for the enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, seh, sek), exfoliative toxin A (eta), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) was also observed. Strains carrying lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes belonged to SCCmecV- spa type t437. The most prevalent spa types were t091, t015, t084, t002, t571, and t026 among all 57 identified. Spa types, including 3 new ones, grouped in 6 different spa-CC clonal complexes, with four major dominated; CC45, CC30, CC5, and CC15. This study demonstrated that both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant major European clones of S. aureus could be isolated from the oral cavity of dental patients, with the emergence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA strains. The oral cavity should be considered as a possible source of toxigenic egc-positive S. aureus strains, in terms of potential risk of cross-infection and dissemination to other body sites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of egc-positive major clones ST 45, 30 and 22 among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible oral Staphylococcus aureus strains

Kwapisz

Garbacz

Kosecka-Strojek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Bacterial superantigens that are produced by staphylococci and streptococci are phylogenetically classified into five groups, among which four groups (I, II, III, and V) include SEs and TSST-1 [3,4,6]. The prevalence of SE genes including sea-see and seg-selu in S. aureus has been analyzed in many studies of isolates from bacteremia [7,8], diabetic foot ulcers [9], cystic fibrosis [10], and colonization in healthy humans [11,12], as well as those from animals and the environment [13][14][15]. Although the distribution of SE genes sea-see and seg-seo (or -seu) to clinical isolates of HA-and CA-MRSA was also investigated previously [16][17][18], the prevalence of more recently described SE(-like) genes (sey, selw, selx, selz, sel26, and sel27) has not yet been well characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (-Like) Genes sey, selw, selx, selz, sel26 and sel27 in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Aung

Urushibara

Kawaguchiya

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus associated with various toxic diseases due to their emetic and superantigenic activities. Although at least 27 SE(-like) genes have been identified in S. aureus to date, the newly identified SE(-like) genes have not yet been well characterized by their epidemiological features. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of SE gene sey and SE-like genes selw, selx, selz, sel26, and sel27 were investigated for 624 clinical isolates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA). The most prevalent SE(-like) gene was selw (92.9%), followed by selx (85.6%), sey (35.4%) and selz (5.6%), while sel26 and sel27 were not detected. Phylogenetically, sey, selw, selx, and selz were discriminated into 7, 10, 16, and 9 subtypes (groups), respectively. Among these subtypes, sey was the most conserved and showed the highest sequence identity (>98.8%), followed by selz and selx. The SE-like gene selw was the most divergent, and four out of ten genetic groups contained pseudogenes that may encode truncated product. Individual subtypes of SE(-like) genes were generally found in isolates with specific genotypes/lineages of S. aureus. This study revealed the putative ubiquity of selw and selx and the prevalence of sey and selz in some specific lineages (e.g., ST121) in CA-MRSA, suggesting a potential role of these newly described SEs(-like) in pathogenicity.

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“…These six superantigens appear to be common in isolates, at least since 2008 (24). They appear to be more like colonization factors, as opposed to causing TSS (23,25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…TSST-1 is the exclusive cause of menstrual TSS, occurring with mucosal colonization of S. aureus ( 22 ). In recent studies, it has been shown that there has been a significant increase in stains producing the six-member enterotoxin gene cluster of superantigens, at least since 2008 ( 23 , 24 ). These six superantigens, including SEG and SE-like I, M, N, O, and U, appear to be more important for S. aureus colonization than overt disease causation ( 25 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decolonization of Human Anterior Nares of Staphylococcus aureus with Use of a Glycerol Monolaurate Nonaqueous Gel

Schlievert

Peterson

2020

mSphere

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Staphylococcus aureus is a highly significant infection problem in health care centers, particularly after surgery. It has been shown that nearly 80% of S. aureus infections following surgery are the same as those in the anterior nares of patients, suggesting that the anterior nares is the source of the infection strain. This has led to the use of mupirocin ointment being applied nasally to reduce infections; mupirocin resistance is being observed. This study was undertaken to determine whether gel composed of 5% glycerol monolaurate solubilized in a glycol-based, nonaqueous gel (5% GML gel) could be used as an alternative. In our study, 40 healthy human volunteers swabbed their anterior nares for 3 days with the 5% GML gel. Prior to swabbing and 8 to 12 h after swabbing, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal CFU per milliliter were determined by plating the swabs on mannitol salt agar. Fourteen of the volunteers had S. aureus in their nares prior to 5% GML gel treatment, most persons with the organisms present in both nares; five had pure cultures of S. aureus. All participants without pure culture of S. aureus were cocolonized with S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Five of the S. aureus strains produced the superantigens commonly associated with toxic shock syndrome, though none of the participants became ill. For both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, the 5% GML gel treatment resulted in a 3-log-unit reduction in microorganisms. For S. aureus, the reduction persisted for 2 or 3 days. IMPORTANCE In this microflora study, we show that a 5% glycerol monolaurate nonaqueous gel is safe for use in the anterior nares. The gel was effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus nasally, a highly significant hospital-associated pathogen. The gel may be a useful alternative or additive to mupirocin ointment for nasal use prior to surgery, noting that 80% of hospital-associated S. aureus infections are due to the same organism found in the nose. This gel also kills all enveloped viruses tested and should be considered for studies to reduce infection and transmission of coronaviruses and influenza viruses.

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High Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Superantigens in Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Presence of egc-positive major clones ST 45, 30 and 22 among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible oral Staphylococcus aureus strains

Presence of egc-positive major clones ST 45, 30 and 22 among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible oral Staphylococcus aureus strains

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (-Like) Genes sey, selw, selx, selz, sel26 and sel27 in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Decolonization of Human Anterior Nares of Staphylococcus aureus with Use of a Glycerol Monolaurate Nonaqueous Gel

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