High-rate nitrogen removal in a two-stage subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland

Sustainable greywater management with Axonopus compressus (broadleaf carpet grass) planted in sub surface flow constructed wetlands

“…Surface flow (SF) CWs are densely vegetated systems with open water surfaces and typically have water depths of less than 0.4 m. In subsurface flow (SSF) CWs, the water flows underneath and through the plant rooting media and water level is maintained below the surface of the substratum. SSF-CWs are further subdivided into horizontal flow (HF) and vertical flow (VF) systems depending on the direction of water flow through the porous medium (sand or gravel) [13,14]. The SSF-CWs are reported to cause fewer problems arising from odors, insects or public exposure than SF-CWs [15] and hence are suitable for the onsite treatment and reuse of greywater.…”

Improving nutrient removal performance of surface flow constructed wetlands in winter using hardy submerged plant-benthic fauna systems

“…Some researchers concentrated on design innovation of CWs to achieve performance intensication, and various types of CWs were developed such as vertical subsurface ow wetlands and two-stage subsurface ow wetlands, but these CWs were expensive and prone to clogging risk. 8,9 Using articial aeration in winter can also benet pollutants removal in CWs, 10 but this approach has high costs and wastes energy. The need for a low-cost and environmentally friendly method has prompted some researchers to use ecological engineering methods, such as plant selection.…”

Effects of flow speed and circulation interval on water quality and zooplankton in a pond–ditch circulation system

“…However, it is becoming ever harder for these single on-site centralized systems to meet the higher effluent standards due to the increasingly complex composition of rural domestic wastewater. Later, several combined systems for decentralized sewage treatment have been applied in vast rural areas, including constructed wetland combined systems (Langergraber et al 2009;Tunçsiper 2009;Wu et al 2013a;Zhao et al 2013b), bioecological combined systems (Fan et al 2013;Feng et al 2008;Ganzenko et al 2014;Ye et al 2008), and compound media filter bed combined systems (Wang et al 2011b;Zhao et al 2012). These integrated decentralized treatment approaches have significantly improved water quality in many rural areas of China.…”