High rate of vaginal infections caused by non-<i>C. albicans Candida</i>species among asymptomatic women

Dan, Michael; Poch, F.; Levin, Daniel

doi:10.1080/mmy.40.4.383.386

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The mentioned results were in contrast with those reported by Dan et al (2002) [32], who showed proteinase activity in 34 (85.0%) Candida isolates; this rate reached 100% in non- C. albicans species. In another study by Sachin et al (2012), proteinase production was found in 65 (59.1%) Candida isolates [33].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of virulence factors of clinical Candida isolates and the anti-biofilm activity of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR Candida albicans

Prabhakaran¹,

Sengodan²,

Rajeswari³

2016

mazu-cmm

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Background and Purpose:Today, treatment of life-threatening fungal infections, caused by Candida species, has become a major problem. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility patterns of different clinical Candida isolates, determine the virulence factors in multi-drug resistant (MDR) Candida species, and assess the anti-biofilm activity of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR Candida species.Materials and Methods:A total of 202 isolates from different Candida species were obtained from three governmental hospitals in Senthamangalam, Tiruchengode, and Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. The isolates were identified, using conventional methods. Candida species were tested for virulence factors such as biofilm, protease, and phospholipase activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR biofilm-forming C. albicans was determined, using plate and tube methods.Results:The identified Candida isolates (n=202) were C. albicans (74/202), C. glabrata (53/202), C. parapsilosis (44/202), C. tropicalis (15/202), and C. dubliniensis (16/202). The isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing and the virulence factors were determined. In terms of biofilm production, non-C. albicans species such as C. dubliniensis showed 75% activity. Also, regarding protease activity, C. parapsilosis (75%) showed the highest percentage of protease production. In addition, Candida species showed strong positivity for phospholipase activity (62.87%). In the MIC method, the acetonic extract completely inhibited biofilm production at a concentration of 125 µl (56.25 µg). In comparison with the ethanolic extract, the acetonic extract showed major activity against biofilm production.Conclusion:Based on the findings, pathogenic C. albicans species were inhibited by the ethanolic and acetonic extracts of E. cardamomum. In recent years, MDR and biofilm-forming pathogenic Candida species have been increasingly detected in clinical settings. Therefore, herbal derivatives might contribute to the treatment of infections without causing any side-effects and prevent the associated mortality.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of virulence factors of clinical Candida isolates and the anti-biofilm activity of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR Candida albicans

Prabhakaran¹,

Sengodan²,

Rajeswari³

2016

mazu-cmm

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“…Of the NAC species, C. glabrata is regarded as the second leading cause of VVC (~8% of cases), while C. krusei, C.parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis make up a majority of the remainder [18][19][20]. Vaginal symptoms resulting from infection with NAC species are often reported as being milder than those experienced during VVC caused by C. albicans [21]. However, inherent resistance to the azole drug class, as well as acquired resistance mechanisms, can complicate treatment of the NAC species [22,23].…”

Section: Pathology and Epidemiology Of Vulvovaginal Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions

Willems

Ahmed

Liu

et al. 2020

JoF

213

197

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Candida albicans, along with other closely related Candida species, are the primary causative agents of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)-a multifactorial infectious disease of the lower female reproductive tract resulting in pathologic inflammation. Unlike other forms of candidiasis, VVC is a disease of immunocompetent and otherwise healthy women, most predominant during their child-bearing years. While VVC is non-lethal, its high global incidence and profound negative impact on quality-of-life necessitates further understanding of the host and fungal factors that drive disease pathogenesis. In this review, we cover the current state of our understanding of the epidemiology, host response, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, impact of the microbiome, and novel approaches to treatment of this most prevalent human candidal infection. We also offer insight into the latest advancements in the VVC field and identify important questions that still remain.

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“…Of these, C. glabrata is most frequently reported as the second leading causative agent (ϳ5%), and the remainder are most commonly composed of C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis (11,20,23). Reported vaginal symptoms caused by NAC species are often milder than those experienced during infection with C. albicans (26). However, antifungal resistance and recurrence rates are typically higher with the NAC species, necessitating prolonged and/or alternative treatment options (23,27).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of the Capacity of the Candida Species To Elicit Vaginal Immunopathology

et al. 2018

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The human fungal pathogen is the major etiological agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Despite this fact, other non- (NAC) species have frequently been reported as well. Despite their presence in the vaginal environment, little is known about their capacity to elicit immune responses classically associated with -mediated immunopathology, including neutrophil recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Therefore, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we undertook a comparative analysis to determine whether a representative panel of NAC species could colonize, induce immunopathological markers, or cause damage at the vaginal mucosa. Using a murine model of VVC, was found to induce robust immunopathology (neutrophils, IL-1β) and elicit mucosal damage. However, all NAC species tested (including ,, ,, ,) induced significantly less damage and neutrophil recruitment, despite achieving similar early colonization levels as These results largely correlated with notable lack of the NAC species ( and included) to form hyphae both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, both and induced significantly less expression of the gene encoding for Candidalysin, a key fungal virulence determinant driving VVC immunopathology. In order to determine the relative capacity of these species to elicit inflammasome-dependent IL-1β release, both WT and NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells were challenged in vitro. While most species tested elicited only modest amounts of IL-1β, challenge with led to significantly elevated levels that were largely NLRP3-dependent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that although NAC species are increasingly reported as causative agents of VVC, appears to be exceedingly vaginopathogenic, exhibiting robust immunopathology, hypha formation and Candidalysin expression. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insight as to why is overwhelmingly the major pathogen reported during VVC.

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High rate of vaginal infections caused by non-C. albicans Candidaspecies among asymptomatic women

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of virulence factors of clinical Candida isolates and the anti-biofilm activity of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR Candida albicans

Evaluation of virulence factors of clinical Candida isolates and the anti-biofilm activity of Elettaria cardamomum against MDR Candida albicans

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions

Comparative Analysis of the Capacity of the Candida Species To Elicit Vaginal Immunopathology

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