High Rates of Colonization with Drug Resistant Hemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococccus Pneumoniae in Unvaccinated HIV Infected Children from West Bengal

Abstract

HIV infection, late access to ART, high rates of colonization to resistant organisms and lack of access to vaccines makes this population vulnerable to invasive disease from Hib and pneumococcus.

Pharyngeal colonization and drug resistance profiles of Morraxella catarrrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae among HIV infected children attending ART Clinic of Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

“…catarrrhalis isolates were resistant to penicillin. This was comparable to previous findings in Cameron [ 20 ] and Turkey [ 30 ] where100% and 84% level of resistance were reported, respectively. This might be associated with inactivation of the drug by beta-lactamase enzymes as many strains of M .…”

“…influenzae (2%) from the pharynx of HIV infected children was comparable with a previous report in Dhaka city (1.5%) [ 36 ]. However, it was lower than findings reported in Tanzania (14%) [ 33 ], West Bengal (13.8%) [ 30 ], Botswana (3–8%) [ 37 ], South Africa (21.8%) [ 34 ], Cameron (13.8–24.4%) [ 20 ], Seoul, Korea (18.9%) [ 3 ], Estonia (16%) [ 28 ] and Turkey (7.2%) [ 27 ]. The lower colonization rate of H .…”

“…pneumoniae (10.3%) in the present study is comparable to earlier findings in Cameroon (11.6–18.2%) [ 20 ], Seoul, Korea (12.2%) [ 3 ] and Thailand (12.9%) [ 24 ]. However, higher colonization rate was documented in North and South Ethiopia (41–43.8%) [ 9 , 25 ], Estonia (17%) [ 28 ], Uganda (18%) [ 29 ], West Bengal (15.6%) [ 30 ], Ghana (30.5%) [ 31 ], Rural Uganda (58.6%) [ 32 ], Tanzania (56%) [ 33 ]and South Africa (22.2%) [ 34 ]. On the other hand, lower (5.1%) colonization rate was documented in Cambodia [ 26 ].…”

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of respiratory microbial flora in African children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease

“…The prevalence of SP in NP of CLD-CLWH (26%) is comparable to similar studies of CLWH in Ghana [27.1%, mean age was 5.8 ± 3.3 years with 59.3% falling within 9 to 15 years old range] [23] and India [27.8%, median age: 6 years, IQR:4,9 with 57% falling within 12 to 17 years old range] [24]. However, this prevalence is higher than that observed in CLWH from Cambodia [17.6%, median age: 7 years, IQR = 5-9 years] [25] and Ethiopia [10.3%, median age: 11 years (range was 6-16 years)] [26], and lower than CLWH from Zambia [51%, median age: 5.1 years (IQR = 2.8 to 8.7 years)] [27] and Tanzania [81%, mean age is 6.39, SD = 3.18] [28] .…”

Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infected Children

“…The investigators also highlight that it behaves like a typical opportunistic infection with more children being affected with lower CD4 counts and with severe immunosuppression. The second article by Bhattacharya SD et al [12] deals with the nasal colonization of Haemophilus b influenzae (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms in unvaccinated HIV infected children. Though this is just the evidence about colonization of these organisms, it may be difficult to extrapolate the findings to occurrence of pneumonia, acute otitis media, meningitis etc.…”