High-Resolution Typing of Toxoplasma gondii Using Microsatellite Loci

Blackston, C. R.; Dubey, J. P.; Dotson, E.; Su, C.; Thulliez, P.; Sibley, D.; Lehmann, T.

doi:10.2307/3285322

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Whether the timing of the cross and/or clonal expansion turns out to be 100, 1000, or 10,000 years will likely require a Toxoplasma fossil and exhaustive genome-wide comparative analyses to produce more accurate genetic drift calculations. Remarkably little variation among archetypes has likewise been identified among highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, supporting the recent clonal expansion interpretation (Blackston et al, 2001; Ajzenberg et al, 2002; Lehmann et al, 2006). In aggregate, the data show that sexual reproduction has produced three parasite lines that represent recent clonal rockets in the domestic cycle.…”

Section: Population Geneticssupporting

confidence: 52%

Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics

Grigg¹,

Natarajan²

2009

International Journal for Parasitology

101

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The cosmopolitan parasitic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii is capable of infecting essentially any warm-blooded vertebrate worldwide, including most birds and mammals, and establishes chronic infections in one-third of the globe's human population. The success of this highly prevalent zoonosis is largely the result of its ability to propagate both sexually and clonally. Frequent genetic exchanges via sexual recombination among extant parasite lineages that mix in the definitive felid host produces new lines that emerge to expand the parasite's host range and cause outbreaks. Highly successful lines spread clonally via carnivorism and in some cases sweep to pandemic levels. The extent to which sexual reproduction versus clonal expansion shapes Toxoplasma's current, global population genetic structure is the central question this review will attempt to answer.

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Section: Population Geneticssupporting

confidence: 52%

Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics

Grigg¹,

Natarajan²

2009

International Journal for Parasitology

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Microsatellite analysis is based on the DNA sequence length polymorphisms of short nucleotide tandem repeats. The tandem repeats in T. gondii are often simple, consisting of as few as 2 nucleotides (di-nucleotide repeats), and occur 2–20 times (Blackston et al 2001; Ajzenberg et al 2002 a , 2004). The MLST is based on DNA sequence polymorphisms including the SNPs, insertion and deletion of nucleotides in the sequence.…”

Section: Molecular Methods For the Detection And Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was concluded that T. gondii had a clonal population structure (Howe and Sibley, 1995). Since then, different sets of multilocus PCR-RFLP or microsatellite markers have been applied to epidemiological and population studies (Blackston et al 2001; Ajzenberg et al 2002 a , b , 2004, 2005; Lehmann et al 2004, 2006; Khan et al 2005 a , b ; Ferreira et al 2006, 2008; Su et al 2006). A key finding of these studies was that T. gondii isolates from South America were highly diverse and distinct from those of North America and Europe.…”

Section: Molecular Methods For the Detection And Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification ofToxoplasma gondii

et al. 2009

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The development of simple, sensitive and rapid methods for the detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii is important for the diagnosis and epidemiological studies of the zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis. In the past 2 decades, molecular methods based on a variety of genetic markers have been developed, each with its advantages and limitations. The application of these methods has generated invaluable information to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology, population genetics and phylogeny of T. gondii. However, since most studies focused solely on the detection but not genetic characterization of T. gondii, the information obtained was limited. In this review, we discuss some widely used molecular methods and propose an integrated approach for the detection and identification of T. gondii, in order to generate maximum information for epidemiological, population and phylogenetic studies of this key pathogen.

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“…1 In addition to 6 microsatellite markers (B18, TUB2, TgM-A, W35, B17, and M33) for genotyping, a seventh marker (M48) was included for further characterization. 1,2,16 The forward primers r were 5′-end-labeled with either 6-carboxyfluorescein (B18, TUB2, and M48), hexachlorofluorescein (TgM-A, W35, and B17), or 2,7′,8′-benzo-5′-fluoro-2′,4,7-trichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein (M33). For the multiplex PCR, the total volume of 25 µl comprised commercial master mix i in a final concentration of 1×, a 0.04-µM concentration of each primer, r 4 µl of DNA extract, and 5 µl of nuclease-free water.…”

Section: Characterization Of T Gondii Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline toxoplasmosis in Finland

et al. 2012

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Three subgroups of the Finnish cat population underwent investigation for different aspects of feline toxoplasmosis. Blood samples of 445 purebred pet cats and 45 shelter cats were screened for Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies with a direct agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was 48.4%; older cats and cats receiving raw meat in their diet were more often seropositive. Fecal samples were obtained from 131 shelters cats; 2 of the cats were found shedding T. gondii-like oocysts, and the oocysts shed by 1 of the 2 were confirmed as T. gondii with polymerase chain reaction. Among 193 cats submitted for necropsy during a 3.5-year period, 6 (3.1%) had been diagnosed with generalized toxoplasmosis and were retrospectively further investigated. The main pathological lesions included acute interstitial pneumonia, acute necrotizing hepatitis, and nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with glial granulomas. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a mild to massive parasite burden in tissues with pathological lesions as well as in unaffected tissues. The results of the direct multilocus genotyping of T. gondii parasites detected were consistent with endemic genotype II, and the causative parasite strains were isolated from 2 of the generalized toxoplasmosis cases. The results indicate that cats in Finland commonly encounter T. gondii and contribute to the environmental oocyst burden, while the endemic genotype II can also prove fatal to the parasite's definitive host. Preventing feline T. gondii infections is not only of public health importance but also a welfare issue for the cats themselves.

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High-Resolution Typing of Toxoplasma gondii Using Microsatellite Loci

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics

Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics

Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification ofToxoplasma gondii

Feline toxoplasmosis in Finland

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