High salivary levels of JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with clinical attachment loss in Moroccan adolescents

Abstract

It has previously been shown that the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque is significantly associated with increased risk for clinical attachment loss. The highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype of this bacterium is frequently detected in adolescents with aggressive forms of periodontitis. The aims of the study were to quantify the levels of JP2 and non‐JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva of Moroccan adolescents with the JP2 genotype earlier detected in the subgingival plaque. The salivary concentrations of inflammatory proteins were quantified and linked to the clinical parameters and microbial findings. Finally, a mouth rinse with leukotoxin‐neutralizing effect was administrated and its effect on the levels the biomarkers and A. actinomycetemcomitans examined. The study population consisted of 22 adolescents that previously were found to be positive for the JP2 genotype in subgingival plaque. Periodontal registration and sampling of stimulated saliva was performed at baseline. A mouth rinse (active/placebo) was administrated, and saliva sampling repeated after 2 and 4 weeks rinse. The salivary levels of JP2 and non‐JP2 were analyzed by quantitative PCR and inflammatory proteins by ELISA. Both the JP2 and the non‐JP2 genotype were detected in all individuals with significantly higher levels of the non‐JP2. Enhanced levels of the JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly correlated to the presence of attachment loss (≥3 mm). Salivary concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers did not correlate to periodontal condition or levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans . The use of active or placebo leukotoxin‐neutralizing mouth rinse did not significantly interfered with the levels of these biomarkers. Saliva is an excellent source for detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans on individual basis, and high levels of the JP2 genotype were significantly associated with the presence of clinical attachment loss.

Oral and Fecal Microbiome in Molar-Incisor Pattern Periodontitis

“…Only subjects of African descent were selected due to the association of MIP and the JP2 clone with race (Haubek, 2010;Fine et al, 2019). However, even with this strategy, the prevalence of the JP2 clone, known to be originated in Africa (Haubek, 2010), was very low, differing from studies in African Americans and Moroccans (Burgess et al, 2017;Ennibi et al, 2019). All subjects were under 26 years of age, since aging leads to changes in oral microbial communities (Claesson et al, 2017).…”

The salivary microbiota in health and disease

“…Accordingly, a number of cross-sectional PCR-based studies have compared salivary levels of putative periopathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycemtomitans in saliva from patients with periodontitis to those of orally healthy controls. A recent study from 2019 reported salivary levels of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycemtomitans to associate with clinical attachment loss in Moroccan adolescents [34], whereas a large-scale study comprising 977 Japanese individuals showed salivary levels of P. gingivalis to correlate with percentage of sites with probing pocket depth ≥4 mm [35]. In addition, a cross-sectional study of a Finnish population (n = 462) documented that combined salivary levels of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and T. forsythia were associated with periodontitis [36].…”

Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

“…Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were shown to be higher in Moroccan patients with periodontitis [36] and P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and Fretibacterium were higher in Japanese patients with periodontitis [37,38]. Moreover, oral microbial dysbiosis is usually observed in patients with systemic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases among others [39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”