High serum n6 fatty acid proportion is associated with lowered LDL oxidation and inflammation: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Abstract

The intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is generally linked with a reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but an elevated n6PUFA intake, without simultaneous n3PUFA supply, may elevate the risk. PUFAs are suspected as being easily oxidized and have a potential role in lipoprotein oxidation and inflammation. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are resistant to oxidation. However, in a Western diet, their most important source is red meat, a food stuff rich in heme iron which can catalyze oxidative reactions. Therefore, different serum fatty acid (FA) proportions (free + esterified) were correlated with the status of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vivo (conjugated dienes = oxLDLlipids and antibody-based oxidized proteins = oxLDLprot) and inflammation (serum CRP) in 2196 Finnish subjects (age: 24-39 years) using CVD risk factor-adjusted linear regression models. High n6PUFA, PUFA/SFA and n6/n3 ratios, and low SFA and MUFA were all associated with reduced levels of oxLDLlipids, oxLDLprot, and CRP. These findings at the population level suggest that PUFAs are negatively and SFAs and MUFAs positively related with LDL oxidation and inflammation; these conclusions are in line with previous observations linking PUFAs, particularly n6PUFAs, with lower CVD risk, and SFAs with increased risk.

Serum fatty acid profile in psoriasis and its comorbidity

“…From the literature we know, that SFA and n-6 PUFA may contribute to proinflammatory state, while MUFA and n-3 PUFA are associated with reduced levels of inflammation [6]. The intake of PUFAs is generally linked also with a reduced cardiovascular disease risk, but an elevated n-6 PUFA intake, without simultaneous n-3 PUFA supply, may increase the risk [22]. Lower of PUFAs observed in our psoriatic group may lead to the proinflammatory state and chronic inflammation.…”

Metabolite Profiling and Cardiovascular Event Risk

“…13,14 Since several fatty acid biomarkers were not measured by LC-MS, the quantification was analytically confirmed by comparing NMR and gas chromatography in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS, n=2193 fasting serum samples). 34 Metabolite profiling data collected at two-time points in YFS9 was further used to examine associations of dietary intake with the circulating biomarkers, and tracking of concentrations within the same individuals over 6 years.…”

The associations of serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with serum C-reactive protein in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

“…Although several epidemiological studies have evaluated the associations of the n-6 PUFAs with inflammation markers, the findings have been heterogeneous. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Use of circulating PUFAs would remove the bias associated with dietary assessment methods and would also make it possible to investigate the associations of the mainly endogenously produced n-6 PUFAs, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). However, only few studies have investigated the associations of GLA or DGLA with inflammation, again with heterogeneous results.…”