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The intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is generally linked with a reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but an elevated n6PUFA intake, without simultaneous n3PUFA supply, may elevate the risk. PUFAs are suspected as being easily oxidized and have a potential role in lipoprotein oxidation and inflammation. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are resistant to oxidation. However, in a Western diet, their most important source is red meat, a food stuff rich in heme iron which can catalyze oxidative reactions. Therefore, different serum fatty acid (FA) proportions (free + esterified) were correlated with the status of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vivo (conjugated dienes = oxLDLlipids and antibody-based oxidized proteins = oxLDLprot) and inflammation (serum CRP) in 2196 Finnish subjects (age: 24-39 years) using CVD risk factor-adjusted linear regression models. High n6PUFA, PUFA/SFA and n6/n3 ratios, and low SFA and MUFA were all associated with reduced levels of oxLDLlipids, oxLDLprot, and CRP. These findings at the population level suggest that PUFAs are negatively and SFAs and MUFAs positively related with LDL oxidation and inflammation; these conclusions are in line with previous observations linking PUFAs, particularly n6PUFAs, with lower CVD risk, and SFAs with increased risk.

Oxidative reactions are thought to play a role in the inflammatory condition called fatty liver. It is unclear whether oxidized lipoprotein lipids or proteins are associated with future fatty liver. In the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we determined the circulating levels of LDL and HDL oxidized lipids and studied their associations with fatty liver assessed by ultrasonography. There were 1286 middle-aged subjects with normal liver and 288 subjects with fatty liver. Analysis of oxidized lipids consisted of conjugated dienes in isolated HDL (oxHDLlipids) and LDL (oxLDLlipids). Oxidized LDL was also measured with a method based on antibodies against oxidized apolipoprotein B (oxLDLprot). After adjustment for age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol as well as particle concentrations, participants with elevated oxLDLlipids (odds ratio for 1-SD change in oxLDLlipids = 1.27, p =0.011) had an increased risk for fatty liver. Similarly, a high oxidation score (oxLDLlipids + oxLDLprot) was directly associated with fatty liver (odds ratio=1.34, p = 0.012). The strongest direct association was seen with a high oxLDLlipids/oxHDLlipids ratio (odds ratio=1.49, p = 0.001). These data suggest that oxidized lipoprotein lipids are linked with the risk of fatty liver in middle-aged adults.

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