High-speed atomic force microscopy and its future prospects

Redox enzymes, which catalyze electron transfer reactions in living organisms, can be used as selective and sensitive bioreceptors in biosensors, or as efficient catalysts in biofuel cells. In these bioelectrochemical devices, the enzymes are immobilized at a conductive surface, the electrode, with which they must be able to exchange electrons. Different physicochemical methods have been coupled to electrochemistry to characterize the enzyme‐modified electrochemical interface. In this Review, we summarize most efforts performed to investigate the enzymatic electrodes at the micro‐ and even nanoscale, thanks to microscopy techniques. Contrary to electrochemistry, which gives only a global information about all processes occurring at the electrode surface, microscopy offers a spatial resolution. Several techniques have been implemented; mostly scanning probe microscopies like atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy, but also scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. These studies demonstrate that various information can be obtained thanks to microscopy at different scales. Electrode imaging has been performed to confirm the presence of enzymes, to quantify and localize the biomolecules, but also to evaluate the morphology of immobilized enzymes, their possible conformation changes upon turnover, and their orientation at the electrode surface. Local redox activity has also been imaged and kinetics has been resolved.

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“…Vertical dimension AFM 2-3 nm ca. 0.15 nm HS-AFM [36] < 100 ms 2-3 nm ca. 0.15 nm SECM [27b,37]~s ca.…”

Section: Spatial Resolution Lateral Dimensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review

2019

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“…Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1] has been widely used to visualize biological samples in aqueous solution with high spatial resolution. However, when the sample is very soft, like eukaryotic cell surfaces, the intermittent tip-sample contact significantly deforms the sample and hence blurs its image [2][3][4]. Moreover, when the sample is extremely fragile, it is often seriously damaged [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when the sample is very soft, like eukaryotic cell surfaces, the intermittent tip-sample contact significantly deforms the sample and hence blurs its image [2][3][4]. Moreover, when the sample is extremely fragile, it is often seriously damaged [4,5]. SICM was invented to overcome this problem [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of high-speed ion conductance microscopy

Watanabe

Kitazawa

Sun

et al. 2019

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) can image the surface topography of specimens in ionic solutions without mechanical probe-sample contact. This unique capability is advantageous for imaging fragile biological samples but its highest possible imaging rate is far lower than the level desired in biological studies. Here, we present the development of high-speed SICM. The fast imaging capability is attained by a fast Z-scanner with active vibration control and pipette probes with enhanced ion conductance. By the former, the delay of probe Z-positioning is minimized to sub-10 µs, while its maximum stroke is secured at 6 µm. The enhanced ion conductance lowers a noise floor in ion current detection, increasing the detection bandwidth up to 100 kHz. Thus, temporal resolution 100-fold higher than that of conventional systems is achieved, together with spatial resolution around 20 nm.

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“…[7,8] For furtherr eading, the following reviewss ummarize the versatility and measuring properties of AFM in different fields. [11] Researchers interested in high-vacuum AFM should focus on the detailed article written by Giessibl. [9] Handschuh-Wang et al described, in ac ompactw ay,n ew advancesi nt he combination of opticalt echniques with AFM, explaining their basic principles and pointingo ut different applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10] An extensive article presenting the history,d evelopment,a nd prospects of high-speed AFM was writtenb y Ando. [11] Researchers interested in high-vacuum AFM should focus on the detailed article written by Giessibl. [12] Patel and Kranz, [13] in av ery complete work, discussed how tip modification deliveredc hemical information.T hey also explained the use of electrochemical imaging and their applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic Force Microscopy Meets Biophysics, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science

Toca-Herrera

2019

ChemSusChem

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Briefly, herein the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the characterization of molecules and (bioengineered) materials related to chemistry, materials science, chemical engineering, and environmental science and biotechnology is reviewed. First, the basic operations of standard AFM, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electrochemical AFM, and tip‐enhanced Raman microscopy are described. Second, several applications of these techniques to the characterization of single molecules, polymers, biological membranes, films, cells, hydrogels, catalytic processes, and semiconductors are provided and discussed.

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High-speed atomic force microscopy and its future prospects

Cited by 156 publications

References 42 publications

Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review

Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review

Development of high-speed ion conductance microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy Meets Biophysics, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science

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